Heat of Formation Table for Common Compounds

The molar heat of formation  (also called standard enthalpy of formation) of a compound (ΔHf) is equal to its enthalpy change (ΔH) when one mole of compound is formed at 25 °C and 1 atm from elements in their stable form. You need to know the heat of formation values to calculate enthalpy and for other thermochemistry problems. This is a table of the heats of formation for a variety of common compounds. As you can see, most heats of formation are negative quantities, which implies that the formation of a compound from its elements usually is an exothermic process. Table of Heats of Formation Compound Hf (kJ/mol) Compound Hf (kJ/mol) AgBr(s) -99.5 C2H2(g) +226.7 AgCl(s) -127.0 C2H4(g) +52.3 AgI(s) -62.4 C2H6(g) -84.7 Ag2O(s) -30.6 C3H8(g) -103.8 Ag2S(s) -31.8 n-C4H10(g) -124.7 Al2O3(s) -1669.8 n-C5H12(l) -173.1 BaCl2(s) -860.1 C2H5OH(l) -277.6 BaCO3(s) -1218.8 CoO(s) -239.3 BaO(s) -558.1 Cr2O3(s) -1128.4 BaSO4(s) -1465.2 CuO(s) -155.2 CaCl2(s) -795.0 Cu2O(s) -166.7 CaCO3 -1207.0 CuS(s) -48.5 CaO(s) -635.5 CuSO4(s) -769.9 Ca(OH)2(s) -986.6 Fe2O3(s) -822.2 CaSO4(s) -1432.7 Fe3O4(s) -1120.9 CCl4(l) -139.5 HBr(g) -36.2 CH4(g) -74.8 HCl(g) -92.3 CHCl3(l) -131.8 HF(g) -268.6 CH3OH(l) -238.6 HI(g) +25.9 CO(g) -110.5 HNO3(l) -173.2 CO2(g) -393.5 H2O(g) -241.8 H2O(l) -285.8 NH4Cl(s) -315.4 H2O2(l) -187.6 NH4NO3(s) -365.1 H2S(g) -20.1 NO(g) +90.4 H2SO4(l) -811.3 NO2(g) +33.9 HgO(s) -90.7 NiO(s) -244.3 HgS(s) -58.2 PbBr2(s) -277.0 KBr(s) -392.2 PbCl2(s) -359.2 KCl(s) -435.9 PbO(s) -217.9 KClO3(s) -391.4 PbO2(s) -276.6 KF(s) -562.6 Pb3O4(s) -734.7 MgCl2(s) -641.8 PCl3(g) -306.4 MgCO3(s) -1113 PCl5(g) -398.9 MgO(s) -601.8 SiO2(s) -859.4 Mg(OH)2(s) -924.7 SnCl2(s) -349.8 MgSO4(s) -1278.2 SnCl4(l) -545.2 MnO(s) -384.9 SnO(s) -286.2 MnO2(s) -519.7 SnO2(s) -580.7 NaCl(s) -411.0 SO2(g) -296.1 NaF(s) -569.0 So3(g) -395.2 NaOH(s) -426.7 ZnO(s) -348.0 NH3(g) -46.2 ZnS(s) -202.9 Reference: Masterton, Slowinski, Stanitski, Chemical Principles, CBS College Publishing, 1983. Points To Remember for Enthalpy Calculations When using this heat of formation table for enthalpy calculations, remember the following: Calculate the change in enthalpy for a reaction using the heat of formation values of the  reactants  and  products.The enthalpy of an element in its standard state is zero. However, allotropes of an element not in the standard state typically do have enthalpy values. For example, the enthalpy values of O2 is zero, but there are values for singlet oxygen and ozone. The enthalpy of solid aluminum, beryllium, gold, and copper are zero. The vapor phases of these metal have enthalpy values.When you reverse the direction of a chemical reaction, the magnitude of ΔH is the same, but the sign changes.When you multiply a balanced equation for a chemical reaction by an integer value, the value of  ÃŽâ€H for that reaction must be multiplied by the integer, too. Sample Heat of Formation Problem For example, heat of formation values are used to find the heat of reaction for acetylene combustion: 2C2H2(g) 5O2(g) → 4CO2(g) 2H2O(g) 1) Check to make sure the equation is balanced. Youll be unable to calculate enthalpy change if the equation isnt balanced. If youre unable to get a correct answer to a problem, its a good idea to check the equation. There are many free online equation balancing programs that can check your work. 2) Use standard heats of formation for the products: ΔH ºf  CO2   -393.5 kJ/mole ΔH ºf  H2O -241.8 kJ/mole 3) Multiply these values by the stoichiometric coefficient. In this case, the value is 4 for carbon dioxide and 2 for water, based on the numbers of moles in the balanced equation: vpΔH ºf  CO2   4 mol (-393.5 kJ/mole) -1574 kJ vpΔH ºf  H2O 2 mol ( -241.8 kJ/mole) -483.6 kJ 4) Add the values to get the sum of the products. Sum of products (ÃŽ £ vpΔH ºf(products)) (-1574 kJ) (-483.6 kJ) -2057.6 kJ 5) Find enthalpies of the reactants. As with the products, use the standard heat of formation values from the table, multiply each by the stoichiometric  coefficient, and add them together to get the sum of the reactants. ΔH ºf  C2H2   227 kJ/mole vpΔH ºf  C2H2   2 mol (227 kJ/mole) 454 kJ ΔH ºf  O2   0.00 kJ/mole vpΔH ºf  O2   5 mol ( 0.00 kJ/mole) 0.00 kJ Sum of reactants (Δ vrΔH ºf(reactants)) (454 kJ) (0.00 kJ) 454 kJ 6) Calculate the heat of reaction by plugging the values into the formula: ΔH º Δ vpΔH ºf(products) - vrΔH ºf(reactants) ΔH º -2057.6 kJ - 454 kJ ΔH º -2511.6 kJ Finally, check the number of significant digits in your answer.

Classroom Behavior Essay - 1462 Words

Would you be surprised to learn that in today’s classroom children sometimes aren’t learning due to behavioral issues? Teachers are attempting to teach classes in which students can be disruptive, disrespectful and defiant. Classrooms are often overcrowded which adds to the frustration of the situation. Teachers are often tempted to take the easy way out, using antiquated strategies that will usually not help the child to learn. In fact, some types of punishments can actually cause the child to become even more rebellious. The child can experience a sense of worthlessness after being punished again and again. Children do not act out because they are â€Å"bad.† They act out in the hopes of receiving some kind of response or reward. In the†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, if that child fills the need for attention by getting into trouble at school, they will get into trouble. Skinner tells us that â€Å"non-reinforcement leads to the extinction of a behavior.† In other words if teachers figure out what the child is getting from exhibiting a particular behavior, they can then give that child the exact opposite of the expected response. If our response is consistent the child will eventually give up the behavior in lieu of another which yields more satisfying results. The reward system is sometimes turned around to reinforce poor behavior. Often, children who are misbehaving are looking for some sort of a reaction. It is possible that they believe that it is better to not even try than to try and fail. It could also be true that the only type of attention they r eceive comes from the instances in which they misbehave. 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Summer assignment free essay sample

Economics is a way of looking at the world and making rational decisions based on costs and benefits. Wondering how Over the summer, please read the book, Naked Economics: Undressing the Dismal Science, by Charles Wheelan. As you read the book, take notes that will help you answer some important questions and understand economic concepts. Your task is described below. Choose any five concepts discussed and analyzed by Wheelan. (The concepts should be from different chapters in the book.) Understanding the examples used in the book, try to relate these concepts to other situations that you might have experienced, or read about in the business/economic news. Create a poster, collage or a scrapbook related to your 5 economic events. Be ready to discuss your work in class. As you read the book, make a list of all the Nobel Prize winners mentioned. Be creative and have fun with the assignment. This assignment is due the first day of class. Enjoy your summer! AP Microeconomics Summer Assignment Economics is a way of looking at the world and making rational decisions based on costs and benefits. Wondering how Over the summer, please read the book, Naked Economics: Undressing the Dismal Science, by Charles Wheelan. As you read the book, take notes that will help you answer some important questions and understand economic concepts. Your task is described below. Choose any five concepts discussed and analyzed by Wheelan. (The concepts should be from different chapters in the book.) Understanding the examples used in the book, try to relate these concepts to other situations that you might have experienced, or read about in the business/economic news. Create a poster, collage or a scrapbook related to your 5 economic events. Be ready to discuss your work in class. As you read the book, make a list of all the Nobel Prize winners mentioned. Be creative and have fun with the assignment. This assignment is due the first day of class. Enjoy your summer! AP Microeconomics Summer Assignment Economics is a way of looking at the world and making rational decisions based on costs and benefits. Wondering how Over the summer, please read the book, Naked Economics: Undressing the Dismal Science, by Charles Wheelan. As you read the book, take notes that will help you answer some important questions and understand economic concepts. Your task is described below. Choose any five concepts discussed and analyzed by Wheelan. (The concepts should be from different chapters in the book.) Understanding the examples used in the book, try to relate these concepts to other situations that you might have experienced, or read about in the business/economic news. Create a poster, collage or a scrapbook related to your 5 economic events. Be ready to discuss your work in class. As you read the book, make a list of all the Nobel Prize winners mentioned. Be creative and have fun with the assignment. This assignment is due the first day of class. Enjoy your summer! AP Microeconomics Summer Assignment  Economics is a way of looking at the world and making rational decisions based on costs and benefits. Wondering how Over the summer, please read the book, Naked Economics: Undressing the Dismal Science, by Charles Wheelan. As you read the book, take notes that will help you answer some important questions and understand economic concepts. Your task is described below. Choose any five concepts discussed and analyzed by Wheelan. (The concepts should be from different chapters in the book.) Understanding the examples used in the book, try to relate these concepts to other situations that you might have experienced, or read about in the business/economic news. Create a poster, collage or a scrapbook related to your 5 economic events. Be ready to discuss your work in class. As you read the book, make a list of all the Nobel Prize winners mentioned. Be creative and have fun with the assignment. This assignment is due the first day of class. Enjoy your summer! AP Microeconomics Summer Assignment Economics is a way of looking at the world and making rational decisions based on costs and benefits. Wondering how Over the summer, please read the book, Naked Economics: Undressing the Dismal Science, by Charles Wheelan. As you read the book, take notes that will help you answer some important questions and understand economic concepts. Your task is described below. Choose any five concepts discussed and analyzed by Wheelan. (The concepts should be from different chapters in the book.) Understanding the examples used in the book, try to relate these concepts to other situations that you might have experienced, or read about in the business/economic news. Create a poster, collage or a scrapbook related to your 5 economic events. Be ready to discuss your work in class. As you read the book, make a list of all the Nobel Prize winners mentioned. Be creative and have fun with the assignment. This assignment is due the first day of class. Enjoy your summer! AP Microeconomics Summer Assignment Economics is a way of looking at the world and making rational decisions based on costs and benefits. Wondering how Over the summer, please read the book, Naked Economics: Undressing the Dismal Science, by Charles Wheelan. As you read the book, take notes that will help you answer some important questions and understand economic concepts. Your task is described below. Choose any five concepts discussed and analyzed by Wheelan. (The concepts should be from different chapters in the book.) Understanding the examples used in the book, try to relate these concepts to other situations that you might have experienced, or read about in the business/economic news. Create a poster, collage or a scrapbook related to your 5 economic events. Be ready to discuss your work in class. As you read the book, make a list of all the Nobel Prize winners mentioned. Be creative and have fun with the assignment. This assignment is due the first day of class. Enjoy your summer!

Why I Chose to Be an Engineer Essay Example For Students

Why I Chose to Be an Engineer Essay Science and especially more towards engineering has been my area of interest since my early years and I have always from that time loved to do experiments and observe chemicals in science. It is also one of the main reasons as to why I took up science during my high school. Since then I had participated debates, competitions related with science, shared and talked about my ideas clearly. I had also joined my schools science club where I learned the basics of doing research and how to prepare a science project like the baking soda volcano and making a boat sail in the water using rubber bands as an energy source. Throughout my childhood I have been exposed to a lot about or related to engineering, my grandfather was an Electrical Engineer and I used to spend a lot of time with him as a kid which got me interested in science in the first place, seeing my grandfather do all sorts of different things at home which seemed really interesting to me. We will write a custom essay on Why I Chose to Be an Engineer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now My initial thoughts about engineering were that men in odd coloured clothes doing greasy, heavy labor work but as I grew up the thoughts changed for me completely and I got to know how amazing and interesting engineering actually is. As I started taking my science classes, I really started to enjoy the math, physics and chemistry and later I decided that I would take up engineering as a major because it seemed perfect for me. When I moved to the 11th grade, I came to know how broad and vast engineering actually is so I started to get to know about every field and was trying to decide what path I should take as I take up engineering so I talked with my friends about it, I talked to my parents and my grandfather and some help from the internet as well. Engineering seemed like the perfect major for me as I was willing to do the hard work, I loved the research and engineering seemed like the perfect major for me to use my skills and creativity. After doing some looking around and exploring I decided to take up mechanical engineering as my career path as I loved getting to know big machines, how they worked and broad the world for a mechanical engineer can be really got me interested but I also was really intrigued by the world of robotics and the advancements in it so with great backing from my father I decided to take up workshops and participate in competitions in robotics so that I can get to know more about them. That whole as an experience was great for me and it really helped me develop my knowledge in the field of engineering. By the time I was in my 12th grade I had already made for myself a simple career plan that I would do a Bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering and then take up Mechatronics Engineering or Robotics and Automation for my Post-graduate studies. Engineering has been and still is making history and it has been the driving the evolution of the modern day and it is almost impossible to imagine a world without it now. Being a part of something that big and probably contributing to it is my dream.

Thanksgiving Lesson Plan Acrostic Poem

Thanksgiving Lesson Plan Acrostic Poem Are you in need of a quick and easy Thanksgiving lesson plan to share with your students in the week before Thanksgiving? Consider practicing acrostic poetry with your students. Acrostic poetry is great for building vocabulary and exercising creativity.   An acrostic poem uses the letters in a word to begin each line of the poem. All of the lines of the poem relate to or somehow describe the main topic word. Here are a few quick tips to consider. Model the format of acrostic poems with your students. Work together to write a collective acrostic poem on the whiteboard. You can use the sample below.Give your students a Thanksgiving-related word so that they can write their own acrostic poem. Consider: gratitude, thank you, Thanksgiving, thankful, blessings, or grateful. Discuss the meaning of these words and the true meaning of the Thanksgiving holiday.Give your students time to write their acrostic poems. Circulate and offer guidance as needed. Offer help but do not give students any phrases or sentences; let them do that on their own.If you have time, allow the students to illustrate their poems. This project makes a great bulletin board display for November, especially if you do it early in the month! Your students can even give their gratitude poems to family members as a creative way of saying thank you for all they do. Sample Thanksgiving Acrostic Poem Here are a few samples of Thanksgiving acrostic poems. Sample number three is written for someone. Sample No. 1 G - Giving me tasty food to eatR - Reading to me before I go to bedA - Always working hard for our familyT - Treating me sweetlyI - I appreciate you!T - Tucking me into bed at nightU - Understanding me when Im upsetD - Doing the right thingsE - Excellent parents! Sample No. 2 T - urkey time (I love the white meat!)H - oping the weather will stay coolA - untie’s pumpkin pie is my favoriteN -   ine plates around the family dinner tableK - eeping family traditions aliveS - tuffing my tummy with my nanas super stuffingG - iving thanks for my family and friendsI - nviting our elderly neighbors over so they won’t be lonelyV   - egetables that I love are corn and beansI - think I am about to burst from all of the foodN - aps for the babies, grandparents, and all of us!G - ames and laughter throughout the day! Sample No. 3 T - Thank you for alwaysU - Understanding. Thank you for alwaysR - Remembering to beK - Kind, helpful, generous, nice, and respectful ofE - Each other. That is why I am so happy and thankful everyY - Year for everything that you do for me.

How to Register for the ACT

How to Register for the ACT Registering for the ACT isnt difficult, but you do want to make sure you plan ahead and have the information youll need at hand. Before you begin registering, make sure you know the registration deadlines for the exam you plan to take. They tend to be about five weeks before the actual exam. It will also be useful to have a copy of your high school transcript when you register so that you have the school information youll need for the form. Step 1: Visit  the ACT Website and Create an Account Go to the ACT student website. Once youre there, click the Sign In button at the upper right of the page, then click on the create account option. Next, set up an online account so you can do things like check your scores online, print your admission ticket to get into the testing center, make changes to your registration if you have to miss a test day, request more score reports, and more. Youll need two pieces of information  before you create your account:  your social security number and your high school code. The website will walk you through the steps of the process. Note: Be sure to fill in your name just as it appears on your passport, drivers license, or another approved ID that youll be bringing to the testing center. If the name with which you register does not match your ID, you will not be able to take the test on your scheduled test day.   Step 2: Register Once youve created your student account, you need to click the Register button and proceed through the next several pages. Youll answer questions about the following: Personal information like left-hand vs. right-hand (so you get placed in an appropriate testing desk), religious affiliations, parental educational background, and disabilities. Remember, this is all voluntary information.A high school summary like the type of school you attended and courses youve taken. Youll also see questions about extracurricular involvement in high school.  Your college plans such as preferences regarding school size, whether or not you plan to enroll full time or not, and college interests.Your specific testing date and location.  Where youd like your score reports to be sent. You can choose up to four colleges with the basic fee, so youll save money if youve decided where youd like them to go before you register.  Intended future college major and career choices.  Youll also be asked during this process to upload a current headshot. Make sure to follow the parameters exactly, or you could be banned from taking the ACT on test day. Both the photograph a nd the name on your identification are important pieces of information that ACT uses to make it difficult for anyone to cheat by having someone else take the exam for them. If youre wondering why ACT wants some of this information when it has nothing to do with the actual test, realize that college admissions is a big business of trying to get students matched up with schools where they will succeed. ACT (and SAT) provide names to colleges of students who might be an appropriate match for those schools. The more information they have about your grades, courses, and interests, the better than can align your credentials with potential colleges. This is why after you take a standardized test, youre likely to start receiving lots of mail from colleges. Step 3: Pay Check out the current ACT fees before you test, and fill in your waiver or voucher number if youve received one. At the bottom of the page, click Submit just once, and youre done. Youre then free to print your admission ticket. A confirmation will be sent to your email address. Step 4: Prepare Youre in. Now, all you need to do is prep for the ACT just a little bit. Start by going though the ACT basics, and then running through these 21 ACT test strategies to help you perform as well as possible when test day rolls around. Then, try your hand at an ACT English quiz or Math quiz to see how you might respond to the real ACT questions. Finally, pick up an ACT prep book or two to help see you through the end. Good luck! Updated and edited by Allen Grove

Managing People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing People - Essay Example In the context of the Morgans Hotel Group which makes use of the bureaucratic organisational structure that does not provide the opportunity of incorporate changes within the organisation’s structure along with its strategies and systems and also it does not practice the performance appraisal system among the employees (Morgans Group LLC, 2012). Performance appraisal is one of the crucial approaches which facilities to accomplish the individual’s job performance and to enhance productivity that would benefit Morgans to increase its efficiency in the work process. It would enable Morgans to assess the positive aspects of an employee’s performance over a certain period of time and also to analyse the areas the employee requires to improve. It would facilitate Morgans to increase its customer loyalty and its brand recognition, resulting in its profit maximisation. In the service industry in which Morgans operates, customer satisfaction is one of the prime attributes which it needs to meet on a regular basis. This aspect can only be attained by happy and contented employees of the organisation and their contentment can be largely ensured with the help of a well-documented performance appraisal and up-to-date job description (Pettijohn & et. al., 2001). Thus, the absence of such mechanisms and structures can impede Morgans Hotel Group from leveraging complete benefits out of their employees which would certainly create hindrance for it to maintain sustainability. Part 2 Alternative Models of Leadership in the Organisation Level Situational Leadership Model The situational leadership model essentially mentions about the leadership method that takes place according to the circumstances faced by the organisations. According to the developers of situational leadership model Ken Blanchard along with Paul Hersey, situational leadership is based on relationship among certain variables such as, The task behaviour of a leader involves the communication l evel of clarifying the detailed information about the work and with an estimated time as well as the working procedures for the task to every individual or group in the organisation. In the similar context, the relationship behaviour of a leader incorporates providing socio-emotional sustainability to the employees by human motivational actions, such as appreciation, reward and recognition among others. Moreover, readiness of an individual or a group signifies the ability to acquire the responsibilities of self directing and working independently in terms of a particular task (Watkins, n. d.). However, the situational model of leadership style entails the directive parts of task behaviour which is an important part for Morgans to explain the works that are to be done by its employees. The socio-emotional factors necessitate the various motivational skills that a leader or a manager of Morgans Hotel Group is required to practice in order to increase the willingness regarding their sp ecific tasks. Participative Leadership Style The model brings about the effects of the values of the opinions or the ideas from each individual of

Short articles about sex, gender and society Essay - 2

Short articles about sex, gender and society - Essay Example Vampirism, as a category akin to femininity, continues to assert itself in what underpins relationships between the main characters, focusing on understanding and sympathy that is most often attributed to the female persona. This same feminine-like persona is also illustrated in a situation where Sonny and Eric have a physical altercation when Sonny describes Eric’s love interest as a woman with big tits. For showing this type of disrespect for women, Sonny receives a quick blow and a reprimand for his insensitivity and callous actions. Furthermore, when Sookie and Bill are having a sexual experience, Sookie compares the love-making activity to I am woman, hear me roar, illustrating that the vampires are sensitive to their needs of their sexual partners, another attribute mostly attributed to female personality. There is a type of communal obligation to ensure that any member of vampire cliques do not maintain emotional distress and that their needs are fulfilled. This, to me, should be viewed as being more attributable to feminine characteristics and this gender is exemplified in the closeness and intimacy that underpins all relationships, something much different than masculinity as it is perceived in the stereotypical sense. Riker’s relationship with the androgynous alien shows that the bonds of legitimate love transcend gender stereotypes. When Riker confides to his ex-lover, Deanna, that he is falling for the alien, he receives ample emotional support, though advised to proceed cautiously. Riker is willing to explore sexual relationships with this androgynous being because he feels a deep emotional love for the creature, which illustrates that love and sex, under traditional views of romance and relationships, go hand-in-hand and are absolute necessities to ensure intimacy and closeness. Sex as a component of romantic love assists in our understanding of

Ethics and Placebo Trials Essay Example for Free

Ethics and Placebo Trials Essay Placebo trials are experimental trials that involve the administration of a substance that does not really have any effect on the individual’s system. This means that it is a neutral trial that will have neither positive nor negative effects on the physiology of the person it is administered on. Whatever positive benefits may be derived out of placebo trials are merely therapeutic and may arise from the potency of the power of suggestion. These trials are most often used in randomized control trials in investigating the effectiveness of a specific treatment. (Miller and Brody, 3) However, with the rise of the use of such trials, there have been many more questions raised. Are these placebo control trials indeed necessary? What ethical issues are raised with the implementation of placebo trials? The debates regarding the ethicality of placebo trials in investigative research continue to rage across the scientific community. The discussion has become so complex that the sides taken regarding the matter have evolved to more than just â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† to the question of placebo ethicality. There have been numerous aspects of placebo trials that have undergone the scrutiny of those directly involved with fields utilizing these trials. The main aim of this paper is to understand the obligations of medical practitioners who are employing placebo trials in their own scientific investigations of the effectiveness of various treatments. What ethical standards should these individuals, physicians and the like, take into consideration when conducting investigative researches with placebo trials? Glass and Waring The main problem with a physician’s utilization of placebo trials for investigative purposes is the fact that they are part of the profession that involves the assurance of optimal health for their patients. Some of the researchers and critics exploring the ethical holds on medical practitioners with regards to placebo trials have looked at it from a legal standpoint. Glass and Waring (582) indicate that they have foundâ€Å"no legal precedent allowing physicians to ‘opt out’ of their professional obligations because they are researchers in addition to being physicians†. It is emphasized that the physician must do all in his power in order to insure that the client receives all possible modes of treatment that would maintain or enhance his or her health. As a researcher, the physician is viewed as a fiduciary, a person delegated with power that will be used for the benefit of another person and who is held legally against the highest standards of conduct. The physician-researcher as a fiduciary, then, has a moral ascendancy over his or her patient-subject. (Glass and Waring, 578) This means that a placebo trial that would involve having the physician-researcher observe the null effect on the health of a patient-subject and at the same time have knowledge of the betterment of the health status of patient-subjects in the other experimental trials. (Glass and Waring 579) Thus physician’s are now ethically compromised and even legally liable for their utilization and continuation of the placebo trial. Knowing that there is a treatment that could improve the health of those in the placebo arm of the experiment but not applying that treatment on the participants in that arm indicates their sacrifice of the health of those participants for the scientific progress afforded by research data. The ethical responsibility of the physician-reseracher, therefore, is in the fact that clinical studies of treatment effectivity make use of participants who have been diagnosed with the specific medical condition hoped to be treated by the experiment’s procedure. Hawkins Hawkins (484) states that the true problem faced by physician-researchers is a moral one. The moral norms and societal dictates placed upon those in the medical profession involve the fact that they need to be able to give a sick person all the possible chances of being treated. However, Hawkins (484) points out that this moral responsibility is limited. She states clearly â€Å"researchers do not owe effective treatment to everyone around them. † (473) The obligations of a physician to his or her patient are enclosed within a given framework, that of the physician-patient relationship. In order for such a relationship to be established, the physician must come into agreement with the client that he or she will indeed act as one half of that relationship. The same agreement must be made on the part of the client. Although this agreement may not be explicit, it is nevertheless positively acknowledged by both parties. (Hawkins, 476) There is, according to Hawkins, no ethical dilemma in a physician-researcher’s use of placebo trials. Just because these researchers have had medical training and have taken a medical oath does not mean that they are always in the role of a physician. These are individuals that have many other different roles as fathers, mothers, non-practicing physicians, friends and the like. The role they take as a researcher, therefore, does not mean a continuation of their role as a physician. (Hawkins, 479) The obligations of an individual in the role of a researcher is separate from his or her role as a physician thus their obligation in placebo trials involves simple assurance that the participant will not be harmed by the procedure that will take place. Miller and Brody Some critics of placebo control trials state a weakness in therapeutic obligation of physician researchers as the main grounds of contestation of the ethical foundations of the said trials. Miller and Brody (8) state that even when based on the principles of clinical equipoise, an ethical basis of assigning participants in different experimental arms which involves disagreement among experts as to the effectiveness of either arm, therapeutic obligation is still a weak attack against the ethics of placebo trials. The individuals who knowingly participate in experiments with placebo arms are not exploited as long as no harm befalls them. Also, they are aware that they enter the experimental set-up as participants in a research and not as patients of the researchers who happen to also be physicians. (Miller and Brody, 5) Miller and Brody thus state that â€Å"placebo trials are not unethical just because they withhold proven effective treatment†. (6) It is thus seen that the responsibility and obligation of the researcher with regards to the ethicality of placebos is not in their therapeutic obligations as physicians. However, this does not mean that placebo trials are completely ethical. This also does not mean that researchers are devoid of ethical obligations to their participants assigned to placebo arms of the investigative experiments. The ethical obligation of the researcher in placebo trials is the same as that of researcher in any clinical trials. This involves the proper acquisition of informed consent from the participants. Also, researchers must be able to assure the fact that participants will not be exploited or put in harmful situations. Miller and Brody also insist that researchers must first establish that the investigation has scientific merit and that scientific merit is increased with the implementation of the placebo trial. (8) Analysis and Argument All three articles assessed above have merit and, at the same time, also have faults. Glass and Waring (582) stating that no legal precedents were found that indicated physicians were no longer tied to their professional obligations is faulty. In much the same way that a lawyer does not have to give counsel to every jaywalker he or she sees, the physician likewise does not have professional obligation over individual’s whose relationship to him is simply that which exists between researchers and participants. I also disagree with Hawkins’ statement that morality is what binds the physician thus the use of placebo trials is not unethical. What is ethics but a concept in the realm of morality? Yes, there are standards and regulations with regards to ethical conduct. However, as a whole, ethics is based on morality thus a moral problem is, in fact, an ethical problem. The middle ground taken by Miller and Brody also seems to be misled. A placebo trial is not equivalent to other clinical trials. It involves factors that are not present in other trials, such as the exposure of the participants to neutral treatment. In other clinical trials, there is still exposure to some form of treatment thus there is an effort to aid the participant. I believe, however, that physician-researcher’s obligations to the patient-participant, is limited solely to the relationship of researcher and participant. The role taken by the individual is not that of a physician but that of a researcher. The participants are also aware that they enter into the experiment not as patients but as participants. Although they are not given the chance to undergo possibly effective treatment, it is not the moral obligation of the researcher to insure that they do. Even if, for example, a person persists to smoke, I am not morally or ethically obligated to make sure that he or she stop. Placebo trials are valid research designs and should not be stopped simply because of a feeling that it is unfair to those who, in the first place, willingly submitted themselves to the experiment’s conditions. Works Cited Glass, Kathleen G. , and Waring, Duff. â€Å"The Physician/Investigator’s Obligation to Patients Participating in Research: The Case of Placebo Controlled Trials. † The Journal of Law, Medicine Ethics 33 (2005): 575-585 Hawkins, Jennifer S. â€Å"Justice and Placebo Controls. † Social Theory and Practice 32 (2006): 467- 496. Miller, Franklin G. , and Brody, Howard. â€Å"What Makes Placebo-controlled Trials Unethical? † The American Journal of Bioethics 2(2002): 3-9

Book Report On Of Mice And Men Essay -- essays research papers

Of Mice and Men In the beginning of the story, two men named George Milton and Lennie Small are trying to make their way to a small ranch in Salinas Valley, California. George is the leader of their two man tribe, despite Lennie’s intimidating size. George is filled with determination and confidence while Lennie is a simple man with a big heart. Up north, they had recently been run out of a town called Weed on account of Lennie. First of all, Lennie is not very smart, and becomes frightened and confused easily. Also, he enjoys petting animals and feelingthings that grab his attention. One night in Weed, Lennie and George had gone to a pool hall. Lennie saw a girl wearing a bright red dress. He grabbed on to the sleeve of her dress. The girl became scared and screamed; this frightened Lennie. He did not know what to do so he held on to the dress tighter. The next day, George found out that the girl went to the police and pressed charges against Lennie. The police were all over town looking for him. George and Lennie escaped by hiding in an irrigation ditch until nightfall and then leaving town. After that, they hitchhiked all the way to Salinas Valley, California where the story continues. The next day they arrived at their destination, the ranch where the would be working. That day, they met someone named Candy. He was an old man who had been working on the farm for many years. He also had an old dog. It was so stiff with rheumatism it could hardly walk. A few ...

Student Council Essay

Thingss were easier when I was younger. I felt more confident. like I could accomplish everything that I want. When I was in high school. I wasn’t portion of the ‘in-crowd’ but I know good plenty that people knew me. I scored good in most of my tests ; I was portion of the Student Council. and the Senior Council. which made me experience of import. During that clip of my life. I had everything planned. I knew what I wanted. I had this thought in my caput of what my life would be when I enter university and what would go on when I finish. Thingss are merely non every bit simple any longer. My friends and I are all in different hamlets. I’m okay with my life. overall. I know that I’m lucky to hold my household and my friends. Compared to other people. I truly have nil to kick about. But in my head. I want a different life. I want more than what I have. There’s got to be something better out at that place for me. something more that will do me more particular and fulfilled alternatively of experiencing like I’m stuck in oblivion. Trying to be honest with myself is non an easy undertaking. because it meant facing my failures and I’m afraid that I won’t be able to suppress the obstructions in front of me and I will populate my life in the out of boundss. observation as other people live their life and achieve things that I want to accomplish. I don’t want that to go on to me. I want to look back in my life and be happy of what I have and non repent that I didn’t have the bravery to seek different things. that I didn’t attempt and purpose higher. So. I am taking this chance to larn and confront my frights. or my obstructions one by one. Baby stairss. as they say. If I want to populate my life the manner I want it to be. I have to get down making something. I merely can’t sit and dream of things I want. I need to get down doing things go on. and I need to gain that I may non be able to hold it all. but I can hold more. if I start making more. Dreaming about the life I want can merely come true if I start to make something about it. I want to read this in 10. 20 and 30 old ages and be proud of what I have accomplished. and non agitate my caput in shame that I ne'er stepped up to do things better for me. If I want to be able to read this paper 30 old ages from now. the first thing I need to make is do certain I become healthy. and remain healthy. I know what to make. but I’ve ne'er gotten about to making anything. I know that I need to exert. and I’ve done it before. I merely ne'er continued on making the right thing. My end for my wellness so is to get down exerting once more. but this clip. I will go on it. Part of my failure I think is that I expect excessively much. when I don’t lose one kg in one hebdomad. I get discouraged. I need to understand that non everyone can lose one kg a hebdomad. I need to accept that I may non lose weight as fast as the others. I need to put ends for myself and non compare myself to others. Above everything else. I need to be realistic that if I am traveling to accomplish this. I need to hold the forbearance and the subject to transport things through. There are many things I can seek to get down this end. I don’t need to pass a batch of money to lose weight. There are many beginnings. particularly on the cyberspace that can assist me make this. Looking about on line. I think I will make a mixture of things. I can get down running. I’ll start little. like running or ramble oning for 10 proceedingss. so after a hebdomad. possibly I can seek for 15. and after another hebdomad I will seek 20. In between running. I will besides seek and raise weights. Like with my running. I will get down little. Above all. I will seek and non be unrealistic of what I can accomplish. Eating a healthy diet will now be a portion of my new modus operandi. I will eat more veggies and fruits and less debris nutrient. I will imbibe more H2O and less soft drink. I don’t know if it will of all time be possible for me to wholly cut out soft drinks. but I will seek and cut it down. This maybe a harder end to accomplish. but as my program with everything else. I will get down little and non anticipate miracles. What I will make is eat three types of fruits a twenty-four hours at least. They can all be different. or the same. but I will take to eat fruit every twenty-four hours. I will besides do certain I have more veggies. It will non be easy. but if I want to be healthy. eating healthy would necessitate to be portion of my program. The lone thing that would do it easier is that I do non hold to give up intoxicant or coffin nails as I do non like them. Because I do non smoke or imbibe. I do non hold to worry about giving up this dependence. particularly smoking as I heard it is a hard wont to interrupt. The following thing I am reflecting on is my household. I am non as good of a kid as I should be to my parents and to my sister. I need to lend more around the house and non allow them make everything for me. This should be the most simple of all my ends. truly. I can get down in my sleeping room by doing certain it is ever clean and I put off my books. my apparels and everything else where they belong. I will brush the floor and do certain the furniture in my room is non gathering dust. Outside of my room. I will brush the floor and aid with the wash. My female parent is acquiring old. and I know that it is non that easy for her to make the cookery and the cleansing so I will assist her. This is likely be a good clip to advert that I truly can’t cook that good. My female parent can look at our icebox. take out a few veggies and she will be able to feed us that tastes as if she followed a formula. To this twenty-four hours. I don’t cognize how she does it. but I will get down larning how. There are many things I can make around the house to do things better for my parents. and they are truly simple. It will take attempt on my portion. but I know I can make them. I’ve done them before. and I merely don’t like making them. I’ve ne'er asked. but I’m reasonably certain my female parent does non like making everything on her ain either. but she does them. and she may call on the carpet us a few times. but she still does them for us. It’s about clip I do the same for her. I don’t want to be a load to my parents. I want them to see that I can take attention of myself. and that I can take attention of them. Thinking about it. this portion of my end is so easy to accomplish. I can better my life by merely remaining inside the house. Possibly I merely spent excessively much clip dreaming of what could be that I can’t see that the life I want can get down at place. in my really ain room. I don’t have to travel really far to make my ends. It starts at place. if I fail this. so how can I travel frontward? The more I think about it. the more I know I can’t fail. This is about like a trial to see if I can be to the full independent and be able to take attention of people that will be dependent to me. My household is of import to me. and I want to be able to demo them that. and be able to do them experience that. Helping around the house is such a simple construct. and when I think about it. it comes down to being responsible. and I need to take up some duty inside the house. Speaking of being responsible. another trait I need to develop is to be responsible when it comes to money. There are so many things that I want. but don’t truly necessitate. I have a new phone that I use now. I have approximately five old phones that still work. but they’re non the latest. so I kept on replacing them. My old phone still works merely all right. but I wanted one with the GPS. with the cyberspace connexion. I wanted a smart phone. Do I necessitate it? No. But I brought it anyhow because everyone I know has one. If I didn’t purchase this new phone. I’d have more money in the bank. Although. I truly don’t have much in the bank as I should hold. Traveling on vacations. purchasing new things and traveling out with friends is merely more gratifying than seting money in the bank. The latest GFC ( Global Financial Crisis ) nevertheless has gotten me believing. including that Ponzi strategy. I need to do certain I’m smart about my ain money. This will be my hereafter when I am old and non working. I merely can’t trust anyone with what I’ve earned. Reading approximately good educated people losing their nest eggs because they handed it over to person else is a lesson that people need to larn. If it sounds excessively good. it likely is. I don’t want to be 60 or 70 looking at an empty bank history because I handed my money over to person who promised to do me more money. To get down. I truly should halt disbursement on points that I don’t truly necessitate. This end can bind up with my earlier ends. If I buy fruits and veggies and non debris nutrient. I am bound to salvage more money. If I stay at place and go responsible for the house chores. I will non be outside disbursement money on things I truly don’t demand. There are so many enticements to give up though. When I am surrounded by people with all the latest appliances. from their newest phone to the iPad. I keep believing that I want it excessively. I can afford it. so why non? Alternatively of giving into enticement. this clip. I will take a measure back and think of the five phones. one iPod. and one camera. All in good status but non being used because I wanted the latest theoretical account. If I want to hold a good quality of life and non trust on authorities manus outs when I am old. I need to get down doing alterations now. Like my wellness. it is an investing for my hereafter. it is something that merely I have control over. and non even my parents and my friends can assist me if I don’t start economy now. My wellness. my household and my nest eggs program are things I have control over. This following end is a spot trickier. I’m barely the following Donald Trump. and I don’t want to be. I need to get down taking stairss to do certain I’m in a calling that I like. that I can larn from and develop further. There’s traveling to be a batch of bumps in the signifier of rejections headed my manner. but I won’t allow it halt me. There’s merely so much control I have when it comes to my calling. I can use and use and non acquire a occupation. I may non give up. but this route is traveling to be rough. Possibly that’s what I need to make my overall finish of holding a much more fulfilling life. It may be difficult. but I’m really looking frontward to the challenge. At this minute in my life. I need to acquire my pes in the door. I know that one time I’m in. I’d be able to voyage myself better. do more informed determinations. It’s different one time you are ready to work compared to when you were still a kid thought of what you want to make. The older you get. the more experience you get. you either go determined to prosecute your end. or to prosecute another avenue. I had a friend who was determined to go a attorney and revolved her life into doing certain she becomes one. She now works as a journalist and is wholly happy where she is. It wasn’t because she failed at jurisprudence. once she was at that place. she realised it’s different from what she envisioned when she was a kid. I wanted to be many things when I was younger that I don’t even retrieve what I truly want. I want to do certain I don’t acquire into a calling that I will detest and pass the following half of my life suffering. Wherever I end up in. I will larn from the people I work with. my higher-ups and develop my accomplishments. Sooner or subsequently. I will do a move. and I need to be certain that I know what I’m making and that I will be ready for any new challenges or any effects of my actions. This country of my life is such a fuzz at the minute. and I’d instead play it safe than take a hazard. This country of my life has so many factors to see. and the merely other country of my life that is even more of a fuzz. is my love life. which is presently non-existent. There. I said it. I have no love life. Depending on my temper. I don’t attention. There are times when I wish I was with person. and there are times when I am glad that I’m non. I would ne'er of all time admit it out loud. but there’s a portion of me that wants it more and more. Among my friends. there are merely three of us that are individual. and I know that figure will shortly diminish. I don’t precisely know how love tantrums in the expansive strategy of things when it comes to my life. I mean. I know I can’t unrecorded without the love of my household or my friends. but the love of a spouse. is likely more negotiable. I can’t unrecorded without good wellness. I can’t unrecorded without my household. and I can’t survive without nest eggs and a calling. but a love life? I think I can populate without it. The inquiry so becomes. make I desire to? Like I said. I have my minutes. Sometimes I want to be with person. sometimes I don’t. I don’t even know why I think this is a capable worth mentioning in my pursuit to hold the life I want to populate if I’m so baffled by it. When I was younger. I don’t even retrieve desiring a hubby with two childs and a white lookout fencing. When I was younger. I wanted a fabulous flat in the metropolis on the upper floors so I can watch the metropolis visible radiations from my balcony. At this really minute nevertheless. believing about this peculiar topic. what do I want from a spouse? I want him to be smart ; I want him to be amusing. loyal and respectful. I don’t even have a ‘type’ . I don’t care what nationality he is. or what color his hair or his eyes are. If I have to depict him in a physical sense. so I want him to be tall. I don’t know why. Possibly it’s the girly-girl in me who wants person she can tilt on. I truly don’t know. The whole construct confuses me. After reading through what I wrote. I’m really rather aroused and more optimistic. seting it on paper makes it more existent. more possible to accomplish my ends. I watched the film â€Å"Invictus† . and reminded me of a quotation mark in the film that I believe fits this undertaking. The line came from a verse form of the same rubric by William Ernest Henley: â€Å"I am the maestro of my destiny ; I am the captain of my psyche. † I can’t think of anything else that fits this undertaking absolutely. I know that I am the lone 1 who can compose this. I am besides the lone 1 that can do things go on in my life. I have a long route in front of me. and I will be ready to do that journey. When I read this once more in the hereafter. no affair how long that is. I want this paper to be the testament of my beginning. and I can so compose my ain stoping.

Focus on a particular scene Essay

This essay will focus on a particular scene in â€Å"A View From The Bridge† An argument and subsequent fight rises between Eddie Carbone and Rodolpho, an Italian illegal immigrant and nephew of Eddie’s wife, Beatrice. A View from the Bridge was written by Arthur Miller and is set in a slum in New York in the 1950s.  A View From the Bridge is about a working class Italian immigrant community in the Red Hook section of New York, illegal immigrants often stayed until they settled into America or gained legal status. The story focuses on the Carbone family; Eddie, his wife Beatrice and their niece Catherine. They help Beatrice’s cousins, Marco and Rodolpho, who have illegally emigrated to America earn a living in order to send money home to their poverty stricken families in Sicily. The central theme of the play is honour. In act two Marco accuses Eddie of † Killing my children† and this obviously dirties Eddie Carbone’s name. Consequently Eddie challenges Marco to a fight in order to clear his name. This results in Marco fatally stabbing Eddie in the concluding brawl at the end of the play.  This scene comes at an important part of the play; this is because it sparks off the eventual fight between Eddie and Marco. The end of Act One is a turning point mainly because Eddie raises some highly controversial questions about Rodolpho’s sexuality when he says, â€Å"he sings, he cooks and he makes dresses† implying that he behaves like a traditional wife, Eddie appears to be questioning Rodolpho’s masculinty, Rodolpho doesn’t understand. As a result of this scene the vendetta between Eddie, Rodolpho and Marco grows more serious leading up to a tragic finish at the end of the play. The characters in this particular scene are Eddie, Catherine, Beatrice and two southern Italian immigrants called Marco and Rodolpho. Eddie and Beatrice look after their young seventeen year old, naive niece Catherine. (Louis and Mike are long shoremen like Eddie who don’t come into the story often.). The scene reveals the characters’ personalities such as Eddie’s moaning, self-questioning and bitter attributes when he jealously ridicules Rodolpho’s camp and effeminate personality. Beatrice is Eddie’s loving, loyal wife and Catherine has lived with them all her life so she is like a daughter to them. Beatrice is a housewife and lives on Eddie’s wages. Catherine appears to be a young naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve girl who is desperate to get a job, which Eddie will approve of. She seems to hope that if this happens Eddie will treat her in a more adult way and be proud of her. Marco is strong with a tough build. In a modern society he would be described as very much his own man. This means that he doesn’t let others make decisions for him. Eddie mentions that † Nobody questions Marco,† suggesting that Marco is more than capable of defending himself. Marco shows us that he is quiet, reserved and tough. He warns Eddie that he is a potential danger to him by raising a chair that Eddie fails to lift. Previously Marco has behaved in a more reserved fashion and had kept himself to himself. Almost as if he was in solitary confinement. In this part of the play Eddie behaves like a protective father, putting a curfew on the time that Catherine returns home. He also makes decisions about what men Catherine dates and what clothes she wears. He wants to control her life even though she is old enough to get married. Eddie goes on to say that he didn’t â€Å"like the looks† that she had been getting in the â€Å"candy store†. Furthermore he shows his disapproval about her waving to his friend Louis commenting â€Å"I could tell you things about Louis which you wouldn’t wave to him no more†. This suggests that Eddie at this point of the story is having trouble accepting that his niece has grown up and is becoming interested in men. He is also jealous of the relationship between Catherine and Rodolpho. It is apparent through Marco’s behaviour suggests that he is getting sick and tired of Eddie’s antics. This is evident when Marco intervenes in the heated sparring match between Eddie and Rodolpho. Another example of the rivalry between Marco, Rodolpho and Eddie is when Marco lifts a chair that Eddie fails to; Marco greets this with a â€Å"Triumphant smile†.  Rodolpho dances with Catherine after the sparring match with Eddie. This shows Eddie that Rodolpho loves her and is not just after his American citizenship. However this is more a message to Eddie that he isn’t scared of him and.

The Meno Essays - Socratic Dialogues, Dialogues Of Plato, Meno

The Meno Essays - Socratic Dialogues, Dialogues Of Plato, Meno The Meno The Meno asks the question what is virtue and can it be taught?. Menos conversation with Socrates is an attempt to know exactly what virtue means and how it can be defined to come to the decision of whether or not it can in fact be taught to others. But as Meno finds, contrary to his original perceptions as an ethical relativist, he does not know what virtue is, and in his new state of ethical absolutism, cannot therefore teach Socrates what virtue is, for how can one teach what one does not know? It becomes the conclusion amongst the two, that virtue is a divine gift to those who are virtuous, and cannot be taught as it is not knowledge and it cannot be said that there are teachers of it. However, Socrates, through his refutations of Menos questions and arguments, does not justify his conclusion that it cannot be taught. Several logical fallacies are present within the argument put forth by Socrates. And as Meno states, he has a numbing effect on those around him, such that they might not even notice his failings until a later examination. After exhausting all definitions he has for what virtue is, all of them being countered by Socrates and determined to be inadequate definitions, one of the problems Meno then has with understanding what virtue is comes from this paradox: How can you try to find out something, when you have no notion at all about what it is? However, the problem Meno has here is not clearly stated. Does he suggest that you either know what youre looking for, and therefore do not need to inquire into it, or you dont know what youre looking for, and therefore cannot inquire into it, because you dont know it? This leads to the question of whether what you know is either the question you want to ask, or the answer to that question. One obviously cannot both know and not know the same thing. However, one can know the question but not the answer. Therefore, you can inquire into something you do not know of, if you know the question you wish to ask. And from this question, you would follow whatever steps are necessary to get the answer, and end up knowing which you did not previously know. However, Socrates puts forth a different perspective here, by attempting to demonstrate his Recollection Theory. This theory purports that inquiry can be impossible in some instances, but what is seen to be learning is in fact the recollection of something previously known. Though Socrates puts forth an admirable effort to support his recollection theory, there is a flaw in his argument. He uses a slave boy to exemplify how the theory works. He sets forth the geometrical problem to the slave boy simply enough; however, with each wrong answer from the boy, he proceeds to lead him closer to the correct conclusion. The boy makes guesses, that Socrates dismisses in small conversation bits with Meno to one side. Right away, this would suggest that he is, in fact, teaching the boy something, whether he will admit to it or not. When the boy suggests the length of the lines be doubled to four to make a square of eight, Socrates immediately speaks with Meno and asks if he is correct , to which Meno replies that the boy is wrong in his assumption. Socrates draws this new square and specifically asks Is four times the old one double? to which the boy replies no, it is four times. This information was given to him by Socrates. After the boy unsuccessfully tries to determine the answer to Socrates puzzle again by saying that the line should now be three, Socrates gives the boy the answer by drawing lines bm, mi, ig, gb (top of page forty-nine) and asking him if that is not the answer, to which the boy replies in the affirmative. It is almost puzzling as to why Meno agrees with Socrates that the boy simply answered the question on his own, when he so obviously did not. It could be speculated that given the stature of Socrates at the time, Meno simply couldnt bring himself to disagree, or was so sure of Socrates wisdom, that he accepted his example as truth. Had it not been for the help of Socrates, the boy might never have known the answer.

Samarium Facts - Sm or Element 62

Samarium Facts - Sm or Element 62 Samarium or Sm is a rare earth element or lanthanide with atomic number 62. Like other elements in the group, it is a shiny metal under ordinary conditions. Here is a collection of interesting samarium facts, including its uses and properties: Samarium Properties, History, and Uses Samarium was the first element to be named in honor of a person (an element eponym). It was discovered in 1879 by  French chemist Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran after he added  ammonium hydroxide to the preparation made from the mineral samarskite. Samarskite gets its name from its discoverer and the man who loaned Boisbaudran the mineral samples for his study Russian mining engineer  V.E. Samarsky-Bukjovets.Ingesting the right dose of samarium chloride will allow it to bind with alcohol and prevent you from getting intoxicated.Its unknown exactly how toxic samarium is. Its insoluble compounds are considered non-toxic, while the soluble salts may be mildly poisonous. There is some evidence samarium helps stimulate metabolism. It is not an essential element for human nutrition. When salts of samarium are ingested, only about 0.05% of the element is absorbed, while the rest is immediately excreted. Of the absorbed metal, about 45% goes to the liver and 45% is deposited onto bone surfaces. The remainder of the absorbed metal is eventually excreted. The samarium on bones remains in the body for around 10 years. Samarium is a yellowish silver-colored metal. It is the hardest and the most brittle of the rare earth elements. It tarnishes in air and will ignite in air  at about 150  °C.Under ordinary conditions, the metal has rhombohedral crystals. Heating changes the crystal structure to hexagonal close-packed (hcp). Further heating leads to a transition to a body-centered cubic (bcc) phase.Natural samarium consists of a mixture of 7 isotopes. Three  of these isotopes are unstable but have long half-lives. A total of 30 isotopes have been discovered or prepared, with atomic masses ranging from  131 to 160.There are numerous uses for this element. It is used to make  samarium-cobalt permanent magnets,  samarium X-ray lasers, glass that absorbs  infrared light, a catalyst for ethanol production, in the manufacture of carbon lights, and as part of a pain treatment regimen for bone cancer. Samarium may be used as an absorber in nuclear reactors. Nanocrystalline  BaFCl:Sm3 is a high ly sensitive x-ray storage phosphor, which may have applications in dosimetry and medical imaging. Samarium hexaboride, SmB6, is a topological insulator that may find use in quantum computers. The samarium 3 ion may be useful to make warm-white light-emitting diodes, although low quantum efficiency is an issue. In 1979, Sony introduced the first portable cassette player, the Sony Walkman, made using samarium cobalt magnets.Samarium is never found free in nature. It occurs in minerals with other rare earths. Sources of the element include the  minerals monazite and bastnasite. It is also found in samarskite, orthite, cerite, fluorspar, and ytterbite. Samarium is recovered from monazite and bastnasite using ion exchange and solvent extraction. Electrolysis may be used to produce pure samarium metal from its molten chloride with sodium chloride.Samarium is the 40th most abundant element on Earth. The average concentration of samarium in the Earths crust is 6 parts per million and about 1 part per billion by weight in the solar system. The elements concentration in seawater varies, ranging from 0.5 to 0.8 parts per trillion. Samarium is not homogeneously distributed in soil. For example, sandy soil may have a samarium concentration 200 times higher at the surface as compared with deeper, damp layers. In clay soil, there may be over a thousand times more samarium at the surface than further down. The most common oxidation state of samarium is 3 (trivalent). Most samarium salts are pale yellow in color.An approximate cost of pure samarium is about $360 per 100 grams of metal. Samarium Atomic Data Element Name:  SamariumAtomic Number:  62Symbol:  SmAtomic Weight:  150.36Discovery:  Boisbaudran 1879 or Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac 1853 (both of France)Electron Configuration:  [Xe] 4f6  6s2Element Classification:  Rare earth (lanthanide series)Name Origin:  Named for the mineral samarskite.Density (g/cc):  7.520Melting Point ( °K):  1350Boiling Point ( °K):  2064Appearance:  Silvery metalAtomic Radius (pm):  181Atomic Volume (cc/mol):  19.9Covalent Radius (pm):  162Ionic Radius:  96.4 (3e)Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol):  0.180Fusion Heat (kJ/mol):  8.9Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol):  165Debye Temperature ( °K):  166.00Pauling Negativity Number:  1.17First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol):  540.1Oxidation States:  4, 3, 2, 1 (usually 3)Lattice Structure:  RhombohedralLattice Constant (Ã…):  9.000Uses:  Alloys, magnets in headphonesSource:  Monazite (phosphate), bastnesite References and Historical Papers Emsley, John (2001). Samarium. Natures Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 371–374. ISBN 0-19-850340-7.Weast, Robert (1984).  CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp.  E110.  ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.De Laeter, J. R.; Bà ¶hlke, J. K.; De Bià ¨vre, P.; et al. (2003). Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report).  Pure and Applied Chemistry. IUPAC.  75  (6): 683–800.Boisbaudran, Lecoq de (1879).  Recherches sur le samarium, radical dune terre nouvelle extraite de la samarskite. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des sà ©ances de lAcadà ©mie des sciences.  89: 212–214.

Social Performance, Part 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Performance, Part 2 - Essay Example In this regards, Total Company has some similar code of ethics with other companies. For instance, among the common ethics in most of the companies in similar industry is code of conduct towards the shareholders and the owners. The shareholders and owners should look for a fair way of balancing between capital and work in a manner that employees bet a fair pay in commensurate with work done. It is the duty of the shareholders to design their company as one of the greatest instruments to generate wealth, make their irrefutable objecting of earning a profit in line with sustainable, sound environmentally and social development, and also ensure that all the activities are done responsively and in an ethical manner. In addition, the company shareholders have to define and uphold the values and mission of the company in accordance to its code of ethics (Marianna Sigala, 2012). As in the case of other companies, there have been loop holes when it comes to implementation of their code of et hics. For instance, there has been a conflict of interest between the owners of the company and the company itself. The owners of the company have been using company assets for their own gain therefore leading to lack of transparency. This has led to strained relationship between the shareholders and the management. ... In relation to company clients and suppliers, there has been a continuous strained relationship between the company and its suppliers. The suppliers are not paid in time as expected and have resulted in delays in supplies. The choice of suppliers has been another big problem since some of them could not uphold best business practices and respect human dignity. Good business ethics provides for the choice of suppliers who respects and upholds good business practices (Ladd, 2011). With the issue of competition, the other companies have been using their market position to intimidate companies whose market share is still small. Code of ethics should ensure that there is no abuse of weaker competitors in the market place. There has been also discrimination of employees basing on their nationality, sex and age. After criticizing the shortcomings of other organizations, Total Company has designed the following code of ethics: Prohibition of conflict of interest and bribery- activities of th e company should be conducted with the highest level of integrity. Both the employees and the external stakeholders are expected to reject corruption and bribery in all forms Labor rights- Total Company ensures that its employee operational policies and practices prevent and prohibit forced labour, child labor and discrimination and respect international labour standards Contributions to local development- the company offers employment to local people and also participates in education, economic health development programs and infrastructures. Security and Human rights- the company is committed to respecting the protection of Human rights and implements the generally acceptable

Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 10

Poverty - Essay Example However, this definition lacks distinction because it does not include time and space. Living conditions that were considered normal twenty or thirty years ago might be defined as poor or belonging to poverty nowadays. In addition, a person considered poor in the United States or any other developed nation can belong to middle-class in a less developed nation. For these reasons, poverty needs to be redefined. Features like skin color, race and age can be characteristics of poverty in some countries. In addition, many governments and international institutions define poverty by classifying it in two forms, absolute and relative poverty. These differences and conditions increase the complexity of defining poverty. The current definition of poverty is superficial; all of the factors mentioned above have to be kept in mind to formulate a broader definition. Poverty is the state of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions in a certain point in t ime, and space, race, and age play roles in defining it. Traditionally, a person is considered poor if they have less than a certain amount of dollars to spend on a daily basis. Later, this classification was given the name poverty line. Taylor explains that The World Bank determines the poverty line based on a person having only $1 to $2 to spend on necessities each day (Taylor 200). Individuals living anywhere close to or under this line are trapped in a life of destitute and neediness. In the United States, a country with millions of poor individuals, the poverty line is calculated differently. It is based on the amount of money needed to buy basic nutrition to survive. Silverstein clarifies, â€Å"The poverty threshold is based on a minimum adequate diet, the USDAs Thrifty Food Plan. In 2004, a family of four with two preschool children would have been allotted $13.93 per day to meet its nutrition needs. That same year the poverty

Research Methods in the Social Sciences Assignment - 2

Research Methods in the Social Sciences - Assignment Example The organization first gives the eligibility information. If eligible, one is required to submit an electronic proposal or download the required forms through the website address given (NCEE, nd). After submission of the proposals, the organization evaluates each eligible proposal. They are ranked by reviewers and submitted to the EPA Approving Official. Selected candidates are given instructions concerning submission of the final grant application. The proposals are ranked based on scores. The highest ranked applicant is selected for the award of the grant. The applicants may also be required to modify their work before giving final funding recommendations. They are notified about the evaluation decisions and possibilities of getting the grant via e-mail. Those recommended are required to give additional certifications and a revised project abstract in electronic form. Official announcement of the award is given by the Agency’s Grants and Interagency Agreement Management Division. The announcement is finally posted in the organization’s website. The deadline for submission of the proposal by the applicant is given. The date for award of the grant is also given. There are no opportunities at present

Foreign Literature Essay Example for Free

Foreign Literature Essay Last night I was at the presentation of the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize, at the National Portrait Gallery, where a young Angolan writer, Josà © Eduardo Agualusa, was announced the 2007 winner for his novel The Book of Chameleons, translated from the Portuguese by Daniel Hahn. Set in contemporary Angola, the book is particularly notable for being narrated by a lizard. The judges this year were the poet David Constantine, writer and editor Jennie Erdal, Arts Council Literature officer Kate Griffin, novelist Ali Smith and the literary editor of the Independent, Boyd Tonkin. Admirably the prize is shared between the translator and author, thus honouring an art that often goes unsung. The book was evidently a popular choice and Agualusa received his award in person, accompanied by whoops and cheers. Tonkin extols the prize as a unique bridge between writers abroad and readers at home. As thrilled as I was that this talented newcomer beat such literary heavyweights as Ismail Kadare and Javier Marà ­as, however, I was even more delighted that the award honours a small literary publisher, Arcadia, who recently celebrated their 10th anniversary. The dedicated team at Arcadia are worthy recipients of this prestigious award, not just for bringing this imaginative young writer to an English readership, but overall for their championing of cultural diversity and for widening our literary choice 50% of their 2007 lists are books in translation. Given the effects of globalisation elsewhere, it seems astonishing that we dont translate more foreign literature in this country. Apparently, translated fiction accounts for only 3% of fiction sales in the UK, compared with 30-40% in France or Spain. The British are voracious readers, so why are we so insular? Dont we welcome unusual voices and different perspectives? How can we exert pressure on publishers to produce more translated fiction? For those interested in foreign literature, an excellent resource is Words Without Borders, an online magazine dedicated to promoting international exchange through translation and publishing works/extracts on the web. And if youd like to see Josà © Eduardo Agualusa and Daniel Hahn, theyll be reading from The Book of Chameleons this evening at Foyles bookshop, London, 6.30pm 8.30pm.

How Our World is Changing :: essays research papers

As the title of this paper states, â€Å"How our World is Changing† our world is constantly changing. Our world changes everyday without most of us ever seeing or noticing any changes, but as we look back in history we can see some tremendous changes. As history is studied these changes become apparent and truly jump out and become real.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Out of all the changes in our history, some of the most significant changes that have made an impact include; women’s rights, civil rights and religion. Women and people of color have made several steps toward earning equal rights over the past forty years. World religions are as diverse as the individuals that participate in them. Women have had quite a few hurdles to get over since the 1950's. In 1958 the proportion of women attending college in comparison with men was 35 percent. (Friedan, 369) Women were supposed to be happy and content at home taking care of her family. In the late 1950's, many women began to feel they needed more, and so a movement was started. Women were drawn into the work place in the 1960's when the economy expanded and rising consumer aspirations fueled the desire of many families for a second income. By 1960, 30.5 percent of all wives worked and the number of women graduating from college grew. (Echols, 400) Women soon found they were being treated differently and paid less then their male co-workers. In the mid 1970's, cities began to have women applying for firefighter positions and by the late 1970's, cities began hiring women as firefighters. This was only a small victory for women. Dealing with the men in a male dominant department would be an even bigger struggle for women. (Seattle) A sexual harassment survey was conducted in 1995 with 551 women firelighters responded. The survey revealed that 88% of the women had experienced sexual harassment. 73% of the women stated they had been treated differently in negative ways, from their male co-workers. (Sexual Harassment) In 1999, a longer survey was given and the percentages increased when women were asked if they had experienced any sexual harassment. I have heard quite a few men say that women cannot do the job because they are not strong enough. Being a Firefighter today takes more brains then 20 years ago. The ability to be a clear thinker is one of the biggest assets a firefighter must have today.

Baumol’s “Sales Maximisation Hypothesis?” Essay

To what extent does empirical evidence on corporate objectives support the predictions of Baumol’s â€Å"Sales Maximisation Hypothesis?† In Neo-Classical Economic theory of a firm, the owners of a firm are involved in the day to day running of the firm, and therefore their main desire is profit maximisation. In reality firms are most likely run by managers and not by the owners. Because of this there is a lack of goal congruence between the two. Baumol (1959) suggests that manager controlled firms are more likely to have sales revenue maximisation as their main goals rather than profit maximisation favoured by shareholders. He shows that there are several explanations for the managerial emphasis on sales maximisation rather than maximising profits: sources of debt closely monitor sales of firms and are more willing to finance firms with growing or large sales figures; lay- off necessitated by fall in sales leads to industrial unrest and unfavourable investment climate; and with decreased sales (and consequently decreased market power) the firm enjoys lesser powers to adopt effective competitive tactics. As well as managers’ power and prestige and even salaries are more closely correlated with sales as to profits. Judged in this perspective, sales maximisation can be said to be the independent objective in managerial decision making, where ownership and management are clearly separated. This review of evidence will examine the advantages and limitations of Baumols theory on sales-maximisation. The majority of empirical evidence shows that there little correlation between the remuneration of top managers and the profit performance of their companys, instead sale revenue is seen as the major contributor to the salaries of managers. McGuire et al. (1962) tried to test Baumols contention that managers salaries are much more closely related to scale of operations of the firm than with profitability. They devised simple correlation coefficients between executive income and sales revenue and profits over the seven-year period 1953-9 for 45 of the largest 100 industrial corporations in the US. Their research showed that the correlation between salaries and sales was much greater than with profits. They recognise that there are serious limitations with using simple correlation analysis and the fact that correlation does not necessarily imply causation. Due to this the resear ch they done cannot be proved to be conclusive. D. R. Roberts found that executive earnings are correlated closely with the size of sales and not the level of profits. He used a cross section of 77 american firms for the period 1948-50. This evidence supports Baumols claim that managers have strong reason to pursue expansion of sales rather than increase profits. Conyon and Gregg (1994) produced a study of 177 firms between 1985 and 1990, it showed that pay of the top executives in large companies in the UK was most strongly related to relative sales growth (i.e. relative to competitors). They also found that it was only weakly related to a long term performance measure (total shareholder returns) and not at all to current accounting profit. Furthermore, growth in sales resulting from takeovers was more highly rewarded than internal growth. This evidence supports baumols presumption that sales maximisation is better related than profit, to executive rewards and corporate performance. Profitability and executive pay appear to be largely unrelated, suggesting that other managerial objectives might be given priority e.g. sales revenue. However total remuneration packages for top executives may be linked to profitabilit y, helping to align the interests of managers’ more closely to the interests of shareholders. Shipley (1981), in a major study concluded that only 15.9% of 728 UK firms questioned are true profit maximisers. The majority of the firms answered that the aim of their firms is for satisfactory profits. Hornby (1994) conducted a study off 77 Scottish companies and found that only 25% of the respondents are profit maximisers according to the ‘Shipley test’. And again the majority of the firms preferred satisfactory profits to profit maximisation. Although the study tells us little about sales maximisation, Shipley found that it was ranked fourth among principle pricing objectives, and nearly half the firms included sales revenue as at least part of their set of objectives. Larger companies were the ones that cited sales revenue as their principal goal. Since larger companies have a greater separation between ownership and management control, this lends support to Baumols theory. Marby and Siders (1966/7) computed correlation coefficients between sales and profits over 12 years, 1952-63, for 120 large American organisations. Zero or negative correlations between profits and sales would support Baumols hypothesis. The findings showed positive significant correlations between sales revenues and profits. This does not necessarily contradict Baumols hypothesis as sales and profits are positively correlated in Baumols model up to the point of maximising profits. Even when they concentrated on ‘reliable’ data from 25 companies which they thought had been operating at scales of output beyond the levels corresponding to maximum profit. Correlations between profits and sales were still mostly positive. This evidence is interpreted as refuting the sales-maximisation hypothesis. These studies argue the case for and against Baumols theory of sales-maximisation. Although there have been many studies conducted to test Baumols hypothesis, the empirical evidence is not conclusive in favour for or against the sales-maximisation hypothesis. Many argue that Baumols theory has many flaws, such persons are M H Peston and J R Wildsmith. Behavioural theory opposes the idea of a firm seeking to maximise any objective. Management are more likely to hold a set of minimum targets to hold the various stakeholder groups in balance. In practice, profit maximisation in the long term is a major goal for firms, but sales revenue is an important short term goal, though even here a profit target may still be part of the goal set. A widely used technique in the management of larger firms, portfolio planning, would seem to support the behaviourist view that no single objective will usefully help predict firm behaviour in a given market. In Neo-Classical Economic theory of a firm it suggests, the owners of a firm are involved in the day to day running of the firm, and therefore their main desire is profit maximisation. Managers are supposed to maximise shareholders wealth by investment means such as CAPM, NPV and ARR. This is the traditional means for the modern day manager to increase shareholder wealth. Agency theory explains that shareholders and managers have a relationship which is crucial to the modern firm. Managers run the company on behalf shareholder and shareholders will reward them with high salary. However this is not always the case as human nature dictates that self-interest, wealth, and power will come into the equation. Managers may start building empire, maximise sales and take on long term and complicated projects which only they understand and this will make it difficult for shareholders to sack them. This is typical of most western economies and former chief executive officer of News international James Murdoch argues in Mctaggart lecture 2007, the only reliable perpetual guarantor of independence is profits signalling that maximising profits is the only compass to measure success. This is reflective of the neoclassical economic theory and this essay will examine the advantages and limitations of sales maximisation. . argument for the theory of sales maximisation but there is serious limitations and that is the behavioural difference between long run profit maximisation and sales maximisation that there are no conclusive econometric tests as the difference is very subtle. Therefore there has to be more future research into testing what the key differences are between sales and profits. Also there has to be one to one interviews into the psychology of Managers in the firms that they running as some argue for profits whilst some argue for sales e.g. James Murdoch speech. The use of postal questionnaires for use in studies can bring evidence that is not In summary that is conducted for Baumols hypothesis empirical evidence is not conclusive in favour for and against the sales maximisation hypothesis.

Environmental Racism: Take Out the Race Essay

The best way to avoid environmental racism is to avoid the subject of race at all costs. Race should never be the subject of any discussion about vital decisions regarding humanity, because when race becomes a focal point, then the discussion automatically becomes racist. The best way to avoid racism in general, including environmental racism, is to keep race out of important debates and choices, including environmental, social, economic, and political ones. When politicians plan for the development of a city, neighborhood, or industry, which has an environmental impact, the best thing politicians can do is to either allow businesses to make their own economic judgments about how, where, and when to build, or to simply use sound economic judgment themselves. If one looks to business and urban planning or environmental development and protection, one must look to costs and benefits. If the costs are low and benefits are high to a city or region in regard to incoming business or environmental changes, then the politicians should make the decision to act in favor of good business and environmental practices. In my opinion, race has no place in the discussion. Sound economics should be considered, including sound planning and social and environmental benefits, but race is never a smart card to be played. Why consider race? Considering it only makes racism more of a truth and reality. Environmental justice is important, social justice is important, and economic justice is important. All of these are linked together, and, in all of these, the color of a person’s skin is an outdated and silly point of consideration. Best practices in government, in business, in ecology, are fundamentally tied to one another, and bringing differing races into the argument is only prejudiced and unreasonable. Protecting all of united humanity and humanity’s surrounding ecology should always be a consideration, but divisive race should never be. It proves fruitless. References (Client’s uploaded article information. No author, date, title, or publisher provided. )

The Good and Bad of the Internet essays

The Good and Bad of the Internet essays The internet has changed our world today in many different ways. Some argue its for the better and some for the worse. Has it made it easier to communicate or has it isolated individuals and disorganized their thoughts. In the essay The Problems with Hypertext the author, David Shenk, feels that the internet has indeed disorganized peoples thought process and isolated them. On the other hand Wendy Lesser tells how she has grown to love the internet and how it has allowed her to communicate with people in her essay The Conversion. Author David Shenk is a firm believer that the internet is not such a good thing. In his essay he supports his stance by stating that there are too many ways to get side tracked when on the internet. Reading gives way to surfing, a meandering peripatetic journey through a maze of threads.(Shenk. Riverside Reader) This is how he feels the internet disorganizes peoples thoughts, one minute they are reading something and the next they are looking ant some pop up add or searching for something else. He also points out that on the internet there is never really an end to things Our stories work best when they have an ending, With hypertext, endings are irrelevant-because no one ever gets to one. (Shenk. Riverside Reader) He also supports his stance by stating that sitting down and reading something can be relaxing , Faster is not always better, (Shenk. Riverside Reader) and Traditional narrative offers the reader a journey with a built-in purpose. (Shenk. Riverside Reader) Shenk takes a more traditional older style of thinking when he points out some of the bad things about the internet. He would rather sit down and relax and slowly read something and not have all the distractions of the internet. In the modern world this is a fleeting view as every second counts and faster is better. ...