Report Would Demonstrate Fact That Online †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Clarify Report Would Demonstrate Fact That Online? Answer: Presentation The innovation has affected a significant way business work in this cutting edge serious world (Deresky 2017). The statistical surveying is some significant rules in advertising work segment. It is significant for realizing the qualities just as shortcoming of the contenders and to remain in front of the firm rivalry. The mechanical progressions have gotten increasingly light-footed and proficient with the goal that the associations can effectively make their situation in the market (Deresky 2017). The innovation is answerable for giving endless chances to the advanced organizations and for making significant employments of the business knowledge. This report is focused on the senior administration to show The effect of innovation on the advertising research in todays business condition. Conversation The innovation segment has made the statistical surveying task a lot simpler. The online statistical surveying is an aid to the showcasing experts and they have changed the organizations work in present day proficient circle (Kaufman and Horton 2014). ResMarket Pty would have huge preferences if the organization takes part in the fuse of mechanical headways in the statistical surveying capacity (Deresky 2017). The organization can receive a frictionless statistical surveying device which would assist them with engaging every one of their respondents and give genuine bits of knowledge about the market. Coming up next are the key advantages that would be gotten from the execution of innovative highlights in the statistical surveying High caliber and solid information The organization would have the option to gather high caliber of information by recording the genuine reactions of the workers. The innovation stages empower the con artists that give degenerate information and helps accumulate just genuine information. This kind of online statistical surveying helps in social occasion of measurably solid information which has been gathered with the assistance of quantitative examination (Gray 2016). The organization can confide in these information and can structure their showcasing programs as needs be. Improved information assortment The time taken by online statistical surveying devices is generally less and these apparatuses have the capacity to consistent gushing of new information (Deresky 2017). The online devices are a long ways in front of the customary information assortment instruments, for example, meetings, studies and center gatherings (Nunan and Di Domenico 2013). They can quantify the brisk criticism information and they can consolidate them to the organization data framework as well. Online life observing The new innovative segment of statistical surveying would be fruitful in tapping the colossal capability of web-based social networking sites (Gray 2016). The online life have the capacity to produce unfiltered criticism, which would assist the organization with knowing the genuine perspectives of the clients (Gray 2016). They would likewise have the option to know the inputs of the items or administrations that are propelled in advertise. The organization can become more acquainted with many implied things about the objective market from the web based life information. Comprehend client better The web has improved it conceivable to have correspondence systems with the clients just as comprehend their necessities (Gray 2016). The organization can utilize an assortment of cell phones and web systems to extricate the clients information. This crude information can be utilized to comprehend the necessities of the clients in a superior manner. The client necessity can be utilized to improve items and better administrations, which would be positive for the objective markets. The computerized stage would assist the organization with connecting with the customers each time with different gadgets, channels and a wide range of touchpoints (Gray 2016). Communicate with individuals in various geological regions Web has made it conceivable to communicate with countless crowd who are situated in different geological areas. ResMarket Pty is situated at Sydney however it can cooperate with an enormous number of clients over the world, which can be beneficial for the exploration (Gray 2016). The organization can take part in information assortment from the clients situated in Middle East and South Asian nations moreover. Private information assurance The online information of the statistical surveying is secure with the online devices. There is higher encryption of the gathered information and they can be ensured by passwords just as different types of security (Nunan and Di Domenico 2013). The statistical surveying information can be placed in discrete envelopes and they can be secret key ensured so as to keep the interlopers from getting to them (Nunan and Di Domenico 2013). It likewise shields the information from malware, phishing endeavors and outsider interruption. This makes the online programming a helpful and safe alternative for statistical surveying purposes. Improved examination of information The online information examination is significantly better and increasingly modern (Taylor, Schroeder and Meyer 2014). There is better information investigation which includes propelled strategies. This would help in the improvement of the drawn out unwaveringness and more client maintenance. There would be very much characterized key execution pointers for the propelled information frameworks (Nunan and Di Domenico 2013). This would help in better client relationship the board as there would be unquestionably more information examination. End The report shows that the online mediation in statistical surveying would be profoundly gainful for the firm. It would not just improve the brand picture of the firm yet it would likewise help in more noteworthy income age of the organization. It might be so the organization brings about significant expense from the advertising research online usage however there are more prominent advantages from the equivalent. There are a few advantages of the innovation procedure in statistical surveying, which makes it a suitable choice. The organization ought to proceed in executing the innovative procedure in statistical surveying. References Deresky, H., 2017.International administration: Managing across fringes and societies. Pearson Education India. Dark, S., 2016. The Changing World of Destination Market Research: A Comparison of Methods Utilized in Driving Traffic to an Online Survey. Kaufman, I. what's more, Horton, C., 2014.Digital advertising: Integrating system and strategies with values, a manual for officials, directors, and understudies. Routledge. Nunan, D. what's more, Di Domenico, M., 2013. Statistical surveying the morals of enormous data.International Journal of Market Research,55(4), pp.505-520. Taylor, L., Schroeder, R. what's more, Meyer, E., 2014. Rising practices and points of view on Big Data examination in financial matters: Bigger and better or a greater amount of the same?.Big Data Society,1(2), p.2053951714536877

Hamlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Hamlet - Essay Example These incorporate the 'Histoires Tragiques' by Francois de Belleforest and the ‘Saxo Grammaticus' History of Denmark, written in Latin in the twelfth century. The plot rotates around Hamlet and his mental disturbances amidst a vortex of savagery and murders. In the play Hamlet's uncle usurps his dad's seat and accepts his dad's significant other as his own. His uncle does this after first executing Hamlet’s father the King of Denmark. Hamlet, in a demonstration of retribution, executes his uncle thus. This essential storyline is the scenery of an extraordinary passionate and mental inward strife with respect to Hamlet. Here Hamlet can't resolve some central situations, including a huge level of vulnerability over his uncle's responsibility for the wrongdoing (Shakespeare; Mabillard; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt). This paper centers around the scholarly component of character, and specifically the character of Hamlet, concentrating on the topic of vulnerability and the subje ctivity of human experience. The theory is that this vulnerability is at the base of Hamlet's inward battles to grapple with the demise of his dad and the hands of destiny that appeared to have pushed him into the situation of avenging child and tormented soul (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; Mabillard). II. ... In this scene Hamlet is in a Danish plain, considering after he had solicited Rosencrantz to proceed from him while he set aside some effort to gather himself (Shakespeare): Now, regardless of whether it beâ Bestial insensibility, or some fainthearted scrupleâ Of reasoning too decisively on th' occasion, An idea which, quarter'd, hath however one section wisdomâ And ever three sections weakling,- I don't knowâ Why yet I live to state 'This current thing's to do,'â Sith I have cause, and will, and quality, and meansâ To do't. (Shakespeare Act 4, Scene 4, p. 81) In the section above Hamlet is looking at his own points of view and his own emotional method of preparing his existence, and encounter an uncertainty in his comprehension of how he thinks and acts (Shakespeare Act 4, Scene 4. p. 81). Truly, at long last Hamlet comprehends that to live is to live in vagueness. Inside this subjectivity the character of Hamlet unfurls. One lives with one’s inclinations. In the accompanying entry Hamlet exhibits this, as in misery he hues the chain of occasions prompting her mom's remarriage and his father’s demise with his own emotional inclination (Shakespeare): My dad's sibling, however not any more like my dad Than I to Hercules. Inside a month, Ere yet the salt of most corrupt tears Had left the flushing in her bothered eyes, She wedded. O, most devilish speed, to present With such adroitness on perverted sheets! (Shakespeare Act 1, Scene 2, p. 11) In the entry over the subjectivity springs from Hamlet’s despondency over his father’s demise, which prompts him to feel oppressed and to be insulted by what he emotionally deciphers as his mom and uncle’s double dealing (Shakespeare Act 1, Scene 2, p. 11). A part of that emotional vulnerability is in proof in the way

Shopify Affiliate Review Make Up To $2,400 Per Sale

Shopify Affiliate Review Make Up To $2,400 Per Sale Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Shopify Affiliate Review: Want To Make Up To $2,400 Per Sale?Updated On 09/03/2016Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : ShopifyShort URL : http://hbb.me/1W99oga CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogEarlier we published our Shopify review and now we are back with our Shopify Affiliate Review. Each and every popular service/product has an affiliate/referral program these days, as a Blogger, I couldnt resist myself from trying it and reviewing it. So here we are.Shopify Affiliate ReviewGo to Shopify Affiliates and create your account. Now, setup your custom referral (affiliate) link.This is our default Shopify referral link, and Slashsquare is the ID:https://www.shopify.com/?ref=slashsquareBut, instead, we used ThirstyAffiliates plugin and enabled it as:https://hellboundbloggers.com/go/shopify/If you have a blog, then you can set it to your blogs name itself, will be easy to remember .Thats it. You have successfully completed your Shopify Affiliate Partner Program. You can now use your link, promote Shopify and make huge bucks.Shopify Affiliate PaymentYoull be getting 200% per sale. Yes, thats true. You can earn 200% of a customers subscription fee each time you refer somebody to Shopify. You can generously make up to $2,400 per sale with this. Youll get your affiliate payment via PayPal. Your minimum payout will be around $25. You can make money from affiliated stores, apps and themes as well.Referrals: Earn up to 20% monthly revenue share for each customer you refer.READShopify Review: The Easiest Way To Start An eCommerce Site?Theme sales: Earn up to 70% for each theme you sell in their Theme Store.App sales: Earn up to 80% revenue share for each app you sell in their App Store.How To Promote Shopify?If you are a Blogger, then you can write a review about Shopify with your personal experience or your overview. If you can make this post detailed, then you can probably rule the SERP and gain the most out of it. You can also keep Shopify Banners on your blog and do an A/B testing (Split/Bucket testing).If you dont have a blog, then dont need to worry, you can also make use of your Social Media power to promote them on platforms like Facebook and Twitter.This is our overall Shopify Affiliate review, this is indeed one of the best affiliate programs (under eCommerce section), and you can sign up to know more. Do let us know in the comments if you have any queries.Editor RatingRated 4 stars Excellent80%Shopify AffiliateReviewed by: Pradeep KumarPublished on: 09/03/2016Last modified: 09/03/2016

Failure of the America Dream in Arthur Miller’s Death of...

Failure of the America Dream in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman examines Willy Lowman’s struggle to hold on to his American Dream that is quickly slipping from his grasp. As Americans, we are all partners in the â€Å"dream† and Willy’s failure causes each of us anxiety since most of us can readily identify with Willy. Most Americans can readily identify with Willy. As children, our minds are filled with a â€Å"marketing orientation† as soon as we are able to be propped-up in front of the television. This orientation drives us to attempt to become the person that others desire us to be. In this society we all feel, more or less, that we must sell ourselves, must be responsive to the†¦show more content†¦The proliferation of monthly payments allowed families with modest incomes to hedge their optimistic bets against certain future success. The husband would surely advance to higher and better paid positions over time, so why not buy these symbols today? The rise of consumer capitalism produced an interesting cultural psychology. The promising American frontier became the world of business. Thousands of new niches opened in American culture, and the aspiring young man with talent and a dream could not help striking gold somewhere in the jungle of economic transactions. Willy, despite his inability to advance beyond his position as a common salesman, still believes he lives in the greatest country in the world. His dream of success for himself and his sons has an aura of American Manifest Destiny. He believes that natural charisma, good looks, and confidence are the most important attributes needed for success. Biffs failure to move ahead despite his personal attractiveness bewilders him. Both his sons are built like Adonises; they are well liked and seem destined for easy success. Clearly, Miller wanted to capture the flavor of American culture in this play. Willys peculiarly American job, his all-American sons, and his commitment to the American dream bind together the myths and symbols of American culture. Moreover, the dialogue of the play is littered with American slang: lazy bum, gee, Pop, fella, babe, flunk, and knock em dead. The dialect isShow MoreRelated The American Dream Conspiracy in Death of a Salesman Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesArthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman tells the story of the failure of a salesman, Willy Loman. Although not all Americans are salesmen, most of us share Willy’s dream of success. We are all partners in the American Dream and parties to the conspiracy of silence surrounding the fact that failures must outnumber successes.(Samantaray, 2014) Miller amalgamates the archetypal tragic hero with the mundane American citizen. The result is the anti-hero, Willy Loman. He is a simple salesman who constantlyRead More Destruction of the American Dream in Death of a Salesman Essay1042 Words   |  5 Pagessame dream that says this is a country where anything’s possible. No matter who you are. No matter where you come from.† -- President Obama, Commenting on the American Dream The American Dream is a set of ideals in which freedom includes the opportunity for prosperity and success. It is the belief that, no matter how poor you begin life, you can achieve upward social mobility for your family and children. Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman, crushes the ethos of the American Dream. Miller’sRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman 1136 Words   |  5 PagesTHE2000 2 August 2, 2016 Arthur Miller’s Impact Arthur Miller was born in 1915, and he died in 2005. He is possibly the most well-known and influential American playwright. He grew up during the Great Depression, so many of his plays deal with the American middleclass lifestyle. His two most influential works are Death of a Salesman and The Crucible. Death of a Salesman is about the tragic white collar worker, Willy Loman, while The Crucible is about the Salem witch trials. Miller’s first Broadway playRead MoreThe Jagged Edges of a Shattered American Dream in Death of a Salesman1377 Words   |  6 Pages The American dream is an ideal for all Americans to get the best out of life. It stands for an easy and comfortable life, which makes you independent and your own boss. Historically, the American dream meant a promise of freedom and opportunity, offering the chance of riches even to those who start with nothing. This is something that Arthur Miller conveys in his play Death of a Salesman. Before the Depression, an optimistic America offered the alluring promise of successRead MoreEssay about Marxism and the Fall of Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman2986 Words   |  12 Pages In post-Depression America, the United States endured internal battles in political ideologies between capitalists and Marxists, which is the focus of Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman. According to Helge Normann Nilsen, author of â€Å"From Honors At Dawn to Death of a Salesman: Marxism and the Early Plays of Arthur Miller,† the Great Depression had a profound impact in forming the political identity of Arthur Miller: â€Å"The Great Depression created in him a lasting and traumatic impressionRead More Dreams and Success in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesDreams and Success in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman  Ã‚        Ã‚  In Arthur Millers play, Death of a Salesman, Miller probes the dream of Willy Lowman while making a statement about the dreams of American society. This essay will explore how each character of the play contributes to Willys dream, success, and failure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Willy is the aging salesman whose imagination is much larger than his sales ability. Willys wife, Linda, stands by her husband even in his absence of realismRead More Importance of Self-Image in the Loman Family1483 Words   |  6 Pages Published in 1949, Arthur Miller’s Death of Salesman is a post Second World War American drama that highlights the plight of isolation and desolation experienced by the common man, as symbolized by Willy. The play deals with the society, life’s absurdity, various internal and external conflicts, death and above all, the tragedy of existence. It is located in the industrial society of the twentieth century where the pressure to succeed and the financial difficulties seem insurmountable. The playRead MoreDeath of a Salesman Analysis Essay2107 Words   |  9 PagesAmerican Dream, which is the basic idea that no matter what social class an individual may be, they still have an equal ability to achieve prosperity and a good life for their family; however, there has been much debate over whether or not the American dream is still obtainable in modern society. One piece of American literature that substantiates the fact that the American Dream can not be gotten is Arthur Mill er’s Death of a Salesman which describes the tragedy of the average person in America. A numberRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play Death Of A Salesman 1041 Words   |  5 PagesResearch paper for â€Å"Death of a Salesman† In the play â€Å"death of a salesman† by author miller, the dramatist focuses on the theme of â€Å"the American dream†. Lowman, a botched salesman, is the protagonist of the play. Willy is certain that society only has room for winners. In support of this, the play’s theme demonstrates how a victim of â€Å"the American dream† can be destroyed by fabricated promises that will impact not only â€Å"business life but will conflict with personal relationships as well† (ElwellRead MoreArthur Millers Death of a Salesman Essay904 Words   |  4 PagesArthur Millers Death of a Salesman Arthur Millers play, Death of a Salesman contains many themes of success and failure. They include the apartment buildings, the rubber hose, Willys brother Ben, the tape recorder, and the seeds for the garden. These symbols represent Willys attempts to be successful and his impending failure. In the start Willy and Linda moved to a home in Brooklyn, as it at the time seemed

Unemployment Benefits Essay - 1255 Words

Title: Unemployment Benefits Only Good for a Limited Amount of Time Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that extending unemployment benefits strains an already overused and failing government program. Central Idea: Today, I would like to tell you about the problem of extending unemployment benefits, as well as offer some possible solutions that our lawmakers should adopt instead of another extension. Introduction Millions of Americans have lost their jobs and have joined the growing ranks of the unemployed recently as the recent recession gripped the U.S. In fact, nearly one out of ten Americans are now unemployed and seeking a new job. Im sure that most of you know someone who has been affected by the recession either by†¦show more content†¦a. A recent study actually shows that very few people started working during the two to three weeks prior to the exhaustion of their unemployment benefits, but almost 30 percent started work just a week later when their benefits were about to run out (Mulligan). b. Basically, as long as they are getting paid to not work, many people will put off accepting a job. B. Extending unemployment benefits also encourages misuse unemployment benefits. 1. An article by Marianne Hill, Unemployment Insurance: a Broken System, tells that: when unemployment insurance was established as a nationwide program in 1935, it was hailed as a means of enabling workers to protect their standard of living between jobs. 2. The system was originally set up to help people who suddenly lose their job, but there is now wide misuse of the system which is only encouraged when the time period someone is allowed to collect benefits is extended time and again. 3. Types of misuse and fraud include claiming unemployment benefits while working another job that pays cash only which isnt reported, failing to actively seek employmen while collecting unemployment, and fraudulently using stolen social security numbers to claim unemployment. 4. Each year more than 16 million dollars worth of unemployment fraud is identified by Labor Department investigation--and that is likely justShow MoreRelatedMarket Failure in Unemployment Benefits1374 Words   |  6 PagesFailure In Provision of Unemployment Benefit Market failure occurs when resources aren’t used efficiently. This can be seen in any market, whether a publics good or a private good. Market failure can also be seen in the provision of unemployment benefits and unemployment insurance, as the resources could be used inefficiently and misused in different ways. For the purpose of this essay I will focus on how MORAL HAZZARD, prevents the efficiency in unemployment benefits and insurance, I will discussRead MoreNMSA 51-1-7 (1978) disqualification of unemployment benefits809 Words   |  4 Pages10, 2014 Disqualification of Unemployment Benefits The Statute N.M.A.S. 51-1-17, (2011) which is defined as New Mexico’s Annotated Statute describes the disqualification of employee benefits. A individual shall be disqualified and not be eligible to receive benefits if the individual voluntarily left employment, misconduct associated to the individuals employment, or has failed to apply for available work when it was offered. The unemployment statute was created and enacted byRead MoreShould Unemployment Regulations And Benefits Be Changed? Essay715 Words   |  3 Pages Should unemployment regulations and benefits be changed? Research Proposal Charles Jackson 10/19/2015 Strayer University Professor Bourgeois ENG215 â€Æ' Should unemployment regulations and benefits be changed? This has been a long-standing question within our society and has potential for improvement. Having experience with employees receiving these benefits makes it a particularly interesting topic for me. I have noticed issues from former employees receiving benefits and finding newRead MoreBriefs Using Firac Method Essay1256 Words   |  6 Pagesterminated from the Lovington Good Samaritan Center, Inc. on June 4, 1974. On June 12, 1974 Mrs. Mitchell applied for unemployment compensation benefits. She was initially disqualified from seven weeks of benefits by a deputy of the Unemployment Security Commission. Mrs. Mitchell then filed an appeal, and the Appeal Tribunal reversed the deputy’s decision. Mrs. Mitchell’s benefits were reinstated on August 28, 1974. On September 13, 1974 the Center appealed the decision made by the Appeal tribunalRead MoreUI Essay1048 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States have an unemploym ent office that handles unemployment applications and manages the benefits. Unemployment insurance (UI) provides displaced workers with temporary financial benefits while they seek a new job. UI benefits are administered by each state under the Federal-State Unemployment Insurance Program. Workers must meet specific requirements established by each state before they can get unemployment benefits. If you need to apply for unemployment benefits, follow these steps. 1Read MoreToo Many Unemployed People803 Words   |  3 PagesIn today’s society there are many social issues present, one of them being unemployment. Currently 6.6 million Americans are unemployed, and they are unable to pay their mortgage, tuition, and basic needs. The streets of America are run-down and blanket of sadness clouds American towns. As a result people are forced to change their lifestyle and hope for unemployment benefits, and pray that they will be hired again. The following writing is about an unemployed man named Michael who struggles to supportRead MoreUnemployment824 Words   |  3 Pageshttp://www.aei.org/article/economics/fiscal-policy/labor/why-unemployment-benefits-should-be-extended/ http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2014/01/10/81927/5-reasons-congress-must-extend-unemployment-insurance/ This article is of high importance to understand as well as be able to place a solution for this increasing issue of unemployment and how globalization and technology effects not just the companies using them but the population as a whole the people that are beingRead MoreThe Responsible Unemployment Compensation Extension Act of 20141636 Words   |  7 PagesThe Responsible Unemployment Compensation Extension Act of 2014 is a bill that is currently pending in Congress. The initial bill, the Unemployment Compensation Extension Act (S.3688) was introduced in the Senate on November 17, 2008, in which an amended version of the bill materialized on March 6, 2014 under the name, Responsible Unemployment Compensation Extension Act of 2014 or S.2097. The Act or law of 2008 would amend the Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC) program established underRead MoreRodman V. New Mexico Employment Security Department, 764 P.2d 1316 (N.M. 1988)1045 Words   |  5 Pagesterminated. Issue: The issue in question is whether the misconduct which warranted termination from employment rose to the level of misconduct which would warrant denial of unemployment compensation under NMSA 1978, Section 51-1-7 of the Unemployment Compensation Law. Rule: Meaning of â€Å"misconduct† under New Mexico’s Unemployment Compensation Law is not to be given a too broad meaning. As defined in Mitchell v. Lovington Good Samaritan Center, Inc., 89 N.M. 575,577,555 P.2d 696,698 (1976): â€Å"Read MoreThe Hartford Jurisdiction Of The Unemployment Problem1028 Words   |  5 PagesThe problem I would like to solve or at best make better is the unemployment rate in Connecticut and the amount of money, extentions, and the process to recieve unemployment benifits in the juristiction of Connecticut over-all but would want to focus on the county of Hartford. The unemployment percentage in CT is 6.4 which is more then the countries percentage of 5.9 but Hartford county is 11.4 and at the top for highest unemployment in the state. This is one of the most serious, frusterating and

Education Reform Movements During The Progressive Era

Master’s Coursework Throughout the master s program, I have learned from a variety of classes about educational reforms, shifts in pedagogical practices, technology integration and the role of American education among other things. Authentic intellectual work has an important role to play in all of those areas. In BEF 503, we studied reform movements during the Progressive Era which called for school centralization, curriculum differentiation, and social reform through education. Those reform movements laid the foundation for future educational changes, and many of the things that drive politics in education today saw their beginnings during the Progressive Era. Even today, educational reformers are pushing for a change in educational standards and practices through common core. The biggest affect the common core has had on social studies is through the literacy standards, and the implementation of authentic intellectual work could increase the rigor, as well as student engagement in the social studies classroom. We also studied the National Assessment of Educational Progress which is a national report of student progress over time. Researchers argue that students who engage in authentic intellectual work show an increase in their standardized test scores. Therefore, students can only benefit from authentic intellectual work if implemented and assessed correctly. Since authentic intellectual work provides students with the opportunity to present information in a variety ofShow MoreRelatedThe Successes of Progressive Era Reformers800 Words   |  4 Pages The Successes of Progressive Era Reformers The Progressive movement was very influential in many ways to early twentieth century America. Businesses became safer, and much more respectful towards their employees. Society accepted moral changes, and became safer communities. The government was affected by the Progressive movement becoming much more democratic, and caring more for the needs of its people. The Progressive movement was successful in reforming American business, society and its governmentRead MoreThe Progressive Era1003 Words   |  5 PagesThe Progressive Era Progressivism in the United States took place in the period between the Spanish-American War and the entry of the United States into the great World War. It was a time for change in America in all walks of life, as well as a time for reform. It was marked by Theodore Roosevelts 7 and a half years in office, the Rough Rider put it upon himself to make the first strides towards reform. These reforms included the cracking down on illegal monopolies and so forth. During thisRead MoreThe Progressive Era Of The Gilded Age1465 Words   |  6 Pagesindirectly tarnished the Gilded Age, and now that this era was coming to an end, reformers were left to clean up the mess. Hence, the Progressive era was born. The Progressive movement was based in the urban middle class and focused on the improvement of society, the economy, and politics. Yet, the movement was not unified. Each reform group of the era had a separate goal that they would focus on. Each president also had a separate vision of national reform. Presidents like Theodore Roosevelt, William HowardRead More The Progressive Era Essay984 Words   |  4 Pages The Progressive Era nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Progressivism in the United States took place in the period between the Spanish-American War and the entry of the United States into the great World War. It was a time for change in America in all walks of life, as well as a time for reform. It was marked by Theodore Roosevelts 7 and a half years in office, the Rough Rider put it upon himself to make the first strides towards reform. These reforms included the cracking down on illegal monopoliesRead MoreProgressive Era Essay712 Words   |  3 PagesThe Progressive Era The progressive era was a time period in America after reconstruction that took place from 1900 to 1920. The progressive era focused mainly on social and political reform, trying to fix Americas economy by working towards equal conditions for individuals, stopping political corruption and increasing government intervention on social and economic issues. Progressivists were social activists and political reformers working to improve conditions and the treatment of the AmericanRead MoreThe Progressive Era857 Words   |  3 Pagesapparent to them and many other times they have no idea it is happening until decades later. Regardless of what happened in different eras of history one thing always holds true, it made America who they are as a country. From the late 19th century into the early 20th century America went through one of these transformations with the birth of the progressive era. It left it’s imprint on American culture and will continue to for decades to come. The dec ades that worried America and its future wereRead MoreThe Progressive Era Of America1297 Words   |  6 PagesThe Progressive Era was a period that changed America greatly due to political reforms and social activism. This era brought forth many changes in America and almost all Americans were involved in this movement somehow. This period began in the late 1800s and lasted until the mid-1900s. The Progressive Era was one of the biggest movements in America. The main point of this movement was to purify the government. Several historians have wrote excerpts on their perspective of the Progressive Era. GeorgeRead MoreUnit 8 DBQ904 Words   |  4 PagesCameron  Richter   Period  0   Unit  8  DBQ   Prompt:  Evaluate  the  effectiveness  of  Progressive  Era  reformers  and  the  federal  government  in   bringing  about  reform  at  the  national  level.  In  your  answer  be  sure  to  analyze  the  successes  and   limitations  of  these  efforts  in  the  period  190 ­1920.      The  Progressive  movement  was  an  effort  to  cure  American  society  of  many  of  the  ill   ideals  that  had  developed  during  the  later  parts  of  the  19th  and  the  early  20th  centuries  because   of  the  growth  of  industry.  Although  great  cities  and  businesses  developedRead More The Progressive Era Essay1275 Words   |  6 Pageseconomic growth in the United States. The progressive era was a time in which Americans were innovating in social welfare. In the progressive period the government needed to take action in the role of economy, regulating big business, immigration, and urban growth. Once the great depression happened in which America’s economy faltered people started to panic. For Americans the main issues asked were how to make society work more efficiently. The great society era was a time of optimism after the post-worldRead MoreThe Progressive Era And Political Reform1330 Words   |  6 Pages The Progressive era was a period around 1890-1920, in which the rise of social activism became apparent as well as political reform. Americans during this time began to move away from rural and began to colonize cities. Progressive activi sts at the time sought to eliminate government corruption, increase regulation in business practices, and address and resolve health issues in the work force. Journalists known as muckrakers were catalysts of change by informing the public about prominent issues

Balance between Conformity and Resistance Essay Example For Students

Balance between Conformity and Resistance Essay Balance between Conformity and ResistanceAccording to Leon Mann, conformity means yielding to group pressures. Everyone is a a member of one group or another and everyone expects members of these groups tobehave in certain ways. Fear of humiliation can lead to conformity. People agree with others because they fear being ridiculed, or being isolated from the society. They fear the idea of not being a part of the whole. Society tries to place many regulations on us as individuals as to what is admissible and what is not. We must decide for ourselves whether to conform or not to specific rules and regulation. Conformity is an important aspect of life in our society and allows us to live a free life without the pressure of being different and being an outsider. We have to obey rules to havethe good and desirable life we are hoping to achieve. If we did not pay taxes, we would nothave schools and the education to make a good paycheck for a desirable living. Wewould not have all the comforts that make our life so much more relaxed and appealing. Ifwe did not have any laws, and everybody did what they think is right, we probably would not be alive anymore. Our whole society would crash and we would have killed each other by now.On the other side, comfort and stability should not stand over the suffering of others or our own misery. Sometimes we have to stand up for others and we shout not ignore our own wishes just to keep the freedom. When I came to the United States, I started working in a factory to make a living. I did not speak much English at that time and some treated me very badly and others ignored me, like I did not even exist. For a while, nobody was there to explain or train me for my job and I messed up a lot, not knowing better. The worst part was that my feelings were very hurt because I could not understand why I was treated that way, not doing anything wrong to anybody there. Just when I was ready to quit my job, because I started getting badly depressed, a lady came up to me asking if I would like to sit next to her at break time. She said she feels awfully bad for me sitting there all by myself and she apologized for her coworkers behavior. I still remember how everybody stared at us in the lunch room but she acted like she did not notice. The same day others came over to me starting a conversation and soon after I was accepted from most. I will never forget how much difference that lady made to me, because she stood up for a total stranger. She showed me the importance of standing up for somebody regardless of others beliefs. Henry David Thoreau claims in his writing He who gives himself entirely to his fellow men appears to them useless and selfish; but he who gives himself partially to them is pronounced a benefactor and philanthropist. (p. 217) In order to be satisfied in our lives we have to make sacrifices. Maybe we are making less money because we cannot conform to a companys rules, but we are certainly more happy not having to obey rules we cannot fully accept. Often we hear people complaining about issues, but mostly they are only complaining to their families and friends. The complainer is not changing his situation with this and stays dissatisfied and makes their listener feel helpless also. My husband, who is at college for four years now, keeps complaining since the beginning from college about the out-of-class groups. Even thoug I always understood his point, he is working full time and do not have the time for it, there was nothing I could do to change it. I only could tell him to go to the school board and let them know about his situation and they may be able to help. I believe that if he is paying for his education he should have a word on how his education is handled. .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f , .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f .postImageUrl , .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f , .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f:hover , .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f:visited , .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f:active { border:0!important; } .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f:active , .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u13f6afc5b043cc125a117c45401d659f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: John Deere and Complex Parts Inc. Essay It is so

Lords Of Flies Essays - Allegory, Lord Of The Flies,

Lords Of Flies The story is about a group of English schoolboys who are plane-wrecked on a deserted island. At first, the stranded boys cooperate, attempting to gather food, make shelters, and maintain signal fires. Later Ralph, he started to act up and boss people around thinking he's the king of the island. Piggy, Ralph's over weighted, sidekick who pretty much the only one that listens to Ralph. When Ralph tries to order people around. The boys would rather swim, play, or hunt the island's wild pig population. Soon Ralph's rules are being ignored or don't even notice Ralph existed. Ralph's competition is Jack, the redheaded leader of the pig hunters, who manages to lure away many of the boys to join him. The situation changes when Ralph discovers that instead of being hunters, he and Piggy have become the ones being hunted. The novel tells about competition between two different groups and who will become the leader at the end. Overall, the story was pretty good. However it was confusing to start, I got used to reading it as I went along, which took a while. I like the style when I got use to it. I think the writing really related to what were studying in American History. It explains how society was made, it starts with people, they make rules and form an economy, and there are leaders and followers, the ones that think and ones that work. Like in US history, something happens and society falls apart, like the great depression. It is interesting to see how a group of boys can go from being so orderly to turn into competition against each other. This has a lot of suspense in it, lots of detail, and didn't feel like some fairy tale. The book contained great amounts of violence to kids fighting against each other. When I read the book, it made me think of the shootings that happened lately. When the media said that the kids were influenced by violent video games, music and Hitler to the shootings, I would say this book has the same effect. The book is like the games and music. The only difference of the book, it's not visual and hands on. Of course words in a book can't be the same as watching TV. My experience reading the book and later watching the movie, I felt I can absorb more detail and had a better understanding of it. I would say the author is also talking about too much democracy. I think he is trying to show, if a country ended up with people making up there own rules, it would cause trouble. Like everyone wants to be a leader and the weaker one will get picked on. Also it shows that kids can't live by themselves. Kids need an adult to settle the differences and give them rules to follow. Overall, it's a great book, short, lots of action and simple.

Sacar la ciudadanía de Estados Unidos por adopción

Sacar la ciudadanà ­a de Estados Unidos por adopcià ³n Es una prctica comà ºn que los ciudadanos americanos, solteros o casados, adopten nià ±os en el extranjero. En estos casos se plantea la cuestià ³n de si los menores adoptados adquieren la ciudadania estadounidense. La respuesta es: depende del caso y del cumplimiento de una serie de requisitos. Adems, hay que tener en cuenta que los trmites muy diferentes segà ºn los dos posibles casos: cuando el menor ingresa a Estados Unidos para vivir aquà ­ con su padre/s adoptivos.cuando el nià ±o residen habitualmente en otro paà ­s en compaà ±Ãƒ ­a de su progenitor estadounidense. En este artà ­culo se explica cà ³mo y cundo los adoptados adquieren la ciudadanà ­a segà ºn los diferentes casos, cà ³mo se prueba, cul es la ley que aplica en estos momentos y estadà ­sticas sobre cuntos nià ±os son adoptados por estadounidenses en Latinoamà ©rica y Espaà ±a. Papeles y ciudadanà ­a para nià ±os en el extranjero adoptados por ciudadanos que ingresan a USA para residir aquà ­ En este caso el proceso se inicia rellenando los formularios I-600 o su variacià ³n del I-600A para peticionar a un huà ©rfano como familiar inmediato o el I-800 o su versià ³n de I-800A, que son para peticià ³n de familiar inmediato de un adoptado en un paà ­s firmante de la Convencià ³n de la Haya. Esta peticià ³n debe ser aprobada por el Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a de los Estados Unidos (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s).   A continuacià ³n y despuà ©s de que el paà ­s de origen del menor dà © su OK a la adopcià ³n tendr lugar una entrevista en el consulado o la embajada de los Estados Unidos. El oficial consular emitir una visa de inmigrante para el menor que podr ser: Una IR-3 cuando la adopcià ³n de un huà ©rfano ha sido completada fuera de los Estados Unidos en un paà ­s que no ha firmado la Convencià ³n de la Haya. Dicha adopcià ³n tiene que ser definitiva y reconocida por el paà ­s del menor y tambià ©n por los Estados Unidos. Adems, el adoptante, si est soltero, o uno de los miembros del matrimonio que adopta, si estn casados, debe haber conocido en persona al menor   Una IR-4, cuando el huà ©rfano procede de un paà ­s que no ha firmado la Convencià ³n de la Haya y se da alguna de las siguientes circunstancias: la adopcià ³n se finalizar en Estados Unidos, b) la adopcià ³n la realiza sà ³lo uno de los miembros de un matrimonio o, c) el/los adoptante/s no conoce al menor personalmente. Una IH-3, cuando la adopcià ³n del menor es definitiva y se ha completado en un paà ­s firmante de la Convencià ³n de la Haya. Una IH-4, cuando la adopcià ³n debe finalizarse en Estados Unidos y el nià ±o procede de un paà ­s acogido a la Convencià ³n de la Haya. Una IR-2, cuando  el menor haya vivido en el extranjero con su padre o madre estadounidense por un mà ­nimo de dos aà ±os y que à ©ste tenga la guardia y custodia del nià ±o. Estos son casos en los que el progenitor decide regresar a Estados Unidos y pide los papeles para su hijo adoptado no mediante los formularios que aplican a las visas anteriores sino mediante la planilla I-130.  Este camino no siempre es posible cuando el nià ±o es originalmente de un paà ­s que ha firmado el acuerdo de la Convencià ³n de la Haya.  ¿Cundo adquieren la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense los adoptados que ingresan a Estados Unidos con una IR-3/IR-3/IR-2/IH-3/IH-4? Los casos son distintos segà ºn el tipo de visa de inmigrante que corresponde para ingresar a los Estados Unidos.   Si se utiliza una IR-3 o una IH-3 y el menor ingresa a USA con menos de 18 aà ±os cumplidos y una vez en el paà ­s vive con sus padres adoptivos (o padre o madre, si la adopcià ³n fue monoparental), entonces se adquiere la ciudadanà ­a automticamente en el momento de cruzar la frontera. En estos casos se recibir en casa y gratis un Certificado de Ciudadanà ­a. Por el contrario, si se ingresa a Estados Unidos con la visa inmigrante IR-4/IH-4,  el menor recibir en su pasaporte un sello que se conoce como I-551 y, a las pocas semanas, se recibir por correo una tarjeta de residencia permanente, tambià ©n conocida como green card. Es decir, en estos casos  el adoptado adquiere la condicià ³n de residente permanente. Sin embargo, se convertir en ciudadano automticamente si la adopcià ³n se finaliza antes de que cumpla los 18 aà ±os de edad.  En estos casos, si asà ­ se desea, se pueden solicitar un Certificado de Ciudadanà ­a aplicando mediante la planilla N-600, pagando la cuota correspondiente. Por el contrario, si el menor no ha cumplido los 18 aà ±os de edad e ingresa utilizando una visa IR-2, adquirir automticamente la ciudadanà ­a tras su ingreso a los Estados Unidos, siempre y cuando viva con el adoptante. Sin embargo, si el IR-2 ya ha cumplido los 18 pero est soltero y es menor de 21 aà ±os, recibir una tarjeta de residente permanente, pudiendo ms tarde solicitar la ciudadanà ­a por naturalizacià ³n. En estos casos es importante conocer cà ³mo la edad afecta a las peticiones de green card. Cuando el menor adoptado por un ciudadano reside habitualmente en el extranjero   Puede suceder que un menor adoptado por un estadounidense tiene por residencia habitual un paà ­s distinto a los Estados Unidos plantendose en este caso la duda de si ese nià ±o algà ºn derecho a la ciudadanà ­a americana. La respuesta es que sà ­, siempre y cuando se cumplan una serie de requisitos y, adems, no se produce de forma automtica. Las condiciones para que pueda acceder a la ciudadanà ­a son: el adoptado tiene que tener menos de 18 aà ±os de edaddebe vivir en el mismo hogar que su progenitor estadounidense, quien debe tener su guardia legal.El progenitor estadounidense debe haber vivido al menos 5 aà ±os en los Estados Unidos, dos de dichos aà ±os, tienen que haber sido despuà ©s de que hubiera cumplido los 14. Si no puede cumplir este requisito, es suficiente si lo puede cumplir uno de los abuelos, que debe de estar vivo.el menor debe ingresar a Estados Unidos como no inmigrante. En la mayorà ­a de los casos lo har como turista pero puede utilizar otras visas no inmigrantes. En este punto tener en consideracià ³n que los consulados no estn obligados a aprobar ninguna visa por el simple hecho de que el menor sea hijo adoptado de ciudadano. Es decir, deben cumplirse todos los requisitos para que se apruebe la visa.Por à ºltimo, una vez que el menor adoptado ingresa a los Estados Unidos puede solicitar la ciudadanà ­a americana por el procedimiento de naturalizacià ³n. Dà ³nde solicitar informacià ³n para casos de papeles para adoptados por ciudadanos si se tienen dudas o inquietudes, es posible comunicarse con el Departamento de Estado por medio de un correo electrà ³nico escribiendo a: adoptionUSCAstate.gov, en el caso de adopciones en paà ­ses firmantes del Convenio de la HayaaskCIstate.gov, en los dems casos. Asimismo, estn disponibles los siguientes telà ©fonos 1 888 407 4747, si se marca desde los Estados Unidos 1 202 501 4444, si se marca desde otro paà ­s A tener en cuenta: un cambio de ley Actualmente, la ley que aplica a los casos de adopciones internacionales por parte de ciudadanos estadounidenses es la conocida como The Child Citizenship Act del aà ±o 2000, que dejà ³ fuera de su proteccià ³n a aquellas personas adoptadas en el extranjero que tenà ­an ya 18 aà ±os cuando la ley entrà ³ en vigor.   Como consecuencia, muchos de ellos nunca adquirieron la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense y algunos de ellos incluso han sido deportados por delitos menores. En otro orden de cosas, los estadounidenses que desean adoptar a un menor extranjero que se encuentra fuera de Estados Unidos para traerlo a vivir aquà ­ deben pasar por un examen de su historial (background check) y de huellas digitales. El mismo requisito deben cumplir todas las personas que residan en el hogar familiar y que tengan cumplidos los 18 aà ±os de edad o ms. Paà ­ses de procedencia de los adoptados por ciudadanos estadounidenses En el à ºltimo aà ±o fiscal los ciudadanos americanos adoptaron en otros paà ­ses un total de 6,438 nià ±os extranjeros, una cantidad muy inferior al los 22,991 que fueron adoptados en 2004. En la actualidad los 5 paà ­ses de origen por orden de mayor nà ºmero de adoptados son: China, Etiopà ­a, Rusia, Corea del Sur y Ucrania.   Desde 1999 a 2014, estos son los nà ºmeros de nià ±os adoptados por estadounidenses en los paà ­ses de habla hispana: Argentina: 2Bolivia: 180Chile: 57Colombia: 4093Costa Rica: 329Cuba: 1Ecuador: 451El Salvador: 172Espaà ±a: 2Guatemala: 29780Honduras: 170Mà ©xico: 1077Panam: 117Paraguay: 11Perà º: 437Repà ºblica Dominicana: 220Uruguay: 1Venezuela: 12 Consejos para rellenar los papeles con à ©xito En este artà ­culo se ha hecho referencia a varios formularios oficiales del Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), como por ejemplo el I-600, el I-800 o el N-600. Todos esos formularios pueden ser descargados gratuitamente de la pgina oficial del USCIS. Deben ser firmados y rellanados con tinta negra. En el caso de que los documentos de apoyo que se deben adjuntar està ©n en un idioma distinto al inglà ©s, es necesario traducirlos a ese idioma e incluir una carta de certificacià ³n de la traduccià ³n.  Es decir, no es necesario obtener el sello de un notario ni pagar a un traductor jurado. Finalmente, mentir en un documento migratorio o de visa o ante un oficial consular o migratorio es considerado una violacià ³n migratoria que puede tener consecuencias muy graves, ya que se puede considerar como un fraude de ley. En caso de duda siempre se recomienda asesorarse con un abogado reputado con experiencia en casos de adopciones internacionales. Este artà ­culo es informativo. No constituye asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso en particular.

Overview of digital forensics at NIST Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Overview of digital forensics at NIST - Article Example Due to the increased computer related crimes, it is a fundamental requirement for any organization to employ these digital forensic skills to establish and solve their security issues. Use of these forensic techniques provides an additional assistance to the organization since it helps in troubleshooting, identification and repair of operational issues within a system, reviewing of the operating systems (Barnett, par. 9). Also provides recovery of lost data from computer systems in case of malicious or accidental damage. It provides protection of sensitive information which would otherwise be used for malicious purposes and even acquisition of data from the hosts that can be used by the company in the future. Furthermore, it also gives an opportunity to monitor log entries and prevention of policy violations. Apart from all the support these digital forensics, there are shortcomings that accompany their use and benefits outlined above. One disadvantage is the difficulty in obtaining information from mobile devices like phones, iPads, and personal digital assistants. Law enforcement and forensics on these devices are still a challenge since most of the mobile devices require specialized interfaces, storage, and hardware. Also getting information from the cloud storage space is tedious because of the complicated cloud

History of bahrain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of bahrain - Essay Example Bahrain’s Economy With a 19.36 billion dollar GDP, and a real time GDP growth rate of 2.9%, Bahrain’s major natural resources include; oil, aluminum, textiles, natural gas, fish and pearls. Financial services are responsible for nearly 25% of the GDP, with government services holding firm with 14.8%. Oil and gas and manufacturing are lagging behind them with 13.1% and 12.4% respectively. Acknowledged as the first Gulf state to discover oil in 1931, their reserves are expected to last over a decade. Revenues from the state’s oil and natural gas capabilities account for an estimated 10% of the GDP. In addition, revenues from oil have been used to fund health and educational projects and accounts for an estimated 60% of the country’s exports. Bahrain is no stranger to economical successes since it was the important center linking trade routes between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley as early as 5,000 years ago. As reported by the US Department of State, in ke eping with its financial sector which is their largest GDP contributor, Bahrain holds a reputable regional and international financial business center that operates both on and offshore. Undoubtedly, Bahrain is a leader in its field with over 370 banking units offshore. In addition, regulations are being implemented to ascertain the title leading financial center in the Arab world. With reference to literature consulted it can be concluded that Bahrain has experienced a blossoming economy driven by its abundance of natural resources. Politics in Bahrain As mentioned before, Bahrain has been the subject to multiple ruling powers prior to their independence from the United Kingdom and a Constitutional Hereditary monarchy type of government. Bahrain was first ruled by Persia in the 4th century A.D, after which the Arabs took control until 1541, when the Portuguese invaded them. Then Persia regained control of these islands in 1602. By 1783 Shaikh Isa bin Hamad Al Khalifa took over and the al-Khalifas remained the ruling family until today. By 1820 Bahrain became a British protectorate. With reference to the US Department of State, Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa acceded to the throne in March 1999, after the death of his father Shaikh Isa bin Hamad Al Khalifa, Bahrain's ruler since 1961-10 years prior to their independence. Shaikh Hamad channeled a democratic reform to transform Bahrain from a hereditary emirate to a constitutional monarchy shortly after he took the throne. His actions were publicly endorsed by his people. Bahrain was pronounced a constitutional monarchy on February 14, 2002. Now operating under a constitutional monarchy, it has an executive appointed by the King of Bahrain and a bicameral legislature with the Chamber of Deputies elected by universal suffrage, and the Shura Council which is also appointed directly by the King. Like many other countries, Bahrain has had their fair share of political unrest, which started as far back as 1994 and st ill continues today. Particularly this year, it can be said that Bahraini protestors were influenced by events in Egypt and Tunisia. Euronews.net reported that reasons for this political unrest are; a new constitution, the release of all political prisoners, an enquiry into torture allegations, freedom of speech and an independent justice system. Social Life 1.1 Education The Bahraini Government introduced a free

Effective Next-generation WAN Architecture

Effective Next-generation WAN Architecture WAN Architecture Get robust, scalable, and easy-to-use management tools that can handle the complexity of your multiservice and packet voice network.   WAN provides extensive, reliable, and scalable element management capabilities to help you rapidly deploy and manage services. The high-performance carrier-class element and network management product is deployed worldwide in some of the largest service provider networks. It can operate as a standalone system or can be integrated as an element using its northbound interfaces for highly efficient flow-through operations Enhanced operator workflow and usability simplify configuration, fault monitoring, and troubleshooting operations. The enterprise business is changing as new types of payroll systems.. As the number of branches continues to increase, the reliable and secure delivery of these evolving services demands a network that can similarly evolve to meet these demands and enable business success. IT professionals require higher network performance, scalability, availability, security, and service capabilities. The Branch-WAN payroll system architecture is developed to address these key areas of customer concerns. To meet these requirements, the Branch-WAN payroll system architecture features scalable and resilient network infrastructure, integrated security, wireless, and payroll system intelligence to provide seamless service capabilities that include Unified Communication, media collaboration, and data/Web 2.0. Architecture This is dedicated to delivering solutions that meet and exceed customers business and technology requirements by integrating best technologies, services, and platforms. The WAN Payroll system architecture is part of a comprehensive approach to providing an end-to-end enterprise network architecture. This model is known as Places in the Network architecture. The architecture addresses the differing requirements for systems design and deployment in the three principal network areas: the campus, the data center, Internet edge, and the WAN. See Figure 1 Figure 1: Architecture When discussing an enterprise network, it is important to consider that most networks are built from a discreet set of interconnected, architectural elements-each of which has its own requirements. A branch office, for example, may not have the same scalability requirements as a data center, but has a greater need for reduced form-factor devices with high-value integrated services. The typical corporate campus network offers users high speed and secure network connectivity, Unified Communication services, wireless services, and access to corporate payroll systems and databases. A well-engineered network must offer workers at branch sites the same network services as campus workers, to maximize productivity and ensure business objectives are met. The Branch-WAN payroll system architecture offers an end-to- end system design that delivers a flexible, scalable, and secure network that supports advanced network services for branch office workers. Figure 2: WAN Payroll system architecture (Frame work)   Ã‚   The WAN payroll system architecture shown in Figure 2 has the following layers: †¢Network Infrastructure-The foundation that provides routing, switching, quality-of-service (QoS), high availability, and other functionalities to ensure that the network is scalable, flexible, and resilient. †¢Integrated Security-This layer extends the corporate security policy to the branch, providing network infrastructure protection, secure communication, threat mitigation, and network monitoring across both the Branch and WAN PINs. †¢Wireless-this layer provides user network connectivity anywhere within the enterprise, giving employees greater flexibility, and increased productivity. †¢Payroll system Intelligence-this layer provides various payroll system optimization techniques using optimization (i.e., TCP flow optimization, data redundancy elimination) and control for payroll system classification and prioritization using QoS. This optimizes use of the WAN bandwidth and, enables branch users to access the same payroll systems as campus users, with similar user experience. †¢Management-this layer provides the ability to easily provision and monitor the network. With these layers, it is imperative that unified communication (i.e., Unified Communication), Media Collaboration (i.e., Tele presence, IP Video Surveillance, Desktop Video, and Digital Media Systems), and Data Web 2.0 (i.e., collaboration payroll systems) work seamlessly across the Branch-WAN solution. Technologies Considered Types: There are number of WAN technologies like point to point connection, circuit switching and packet switching. The WAN communication which is carried over a leased line is called point to point connection. In a point to point network the message from the customers end is traveled to the remote user via an ISP. Circuit switching is the data communication which is stared when there is need to communicate and it is terminated afterwards. It is like a telephone call. When the two users arte connected and identified, the data is transferred in other words voice is transferred. When the transmission of the data is complete the call is disconnected again. Packet switching data network is a WAN technology in which the network of the user is established in the carriers system. The examples of packet switching network include asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), switched multi megabyte data services (SMDS) and frame relay. Optimization The purpose of WAN optimization is to eliminate the flaws in the packet data transfer in shared WAN systems. There are many techniques of optimizing the WAN technology. These optimization techniques include duplication, compression, cashing, protocol spoofing, traffic shaping, equalizing, connection limits and simple rate limits. The process of duplication sends a reference of the actual data, this helps in preventing from data redundancy. In order to present data patterns in an efficient manner compression is used. The process of caching reduces the bandwidth up to 30%. The multiple requests are tied in one bundle using protocol spoofing. Traffic shaping controls the amount of data handling and also monitors and guides the data traffic. When the data is sent according to the priority of the data usage it is known as equalizing. Connection limit averts from the access grid locks in access points and routers due to the lack of service or peer to peer connection. Simple rate limits the users from getting more than the data which has been fixed for their use. The purport of WAN optimization is to overcome the difficulties such as expensive bandwidth and to decrease the users experience time. The scalability of WAN is nowadays an important consideration and hence WAN optimization is used to target such issues as well. The typical small branch design includes a 1.5 Mbps Ethernet private WAN connection. The router terminates the VPN and routing from the central site and implements QoS policy. The router also hosts the following integrated services: †¢Security (Firewall, IPS) †¢Unified Communications (SRST, FXO / FXS ports) †¢Payroll system intelligence The branch also includes a Layer-2 access switch with the following key features: †¢Power-over-Ethernet (PoE) †¢DHCP snooping †¢Spanning tree †¢Class-of-Service (CoS) on access ports †¢QoS †¢Port security †¢Dynamic Address Repayroll system architecture Protocol (ARP) Inspection Wireless LAN may be implemented with a router module or standalone controller/switch. New Issues The key to an effective next-generation WAN architecture? Match technologies and services to interconnection requirements. Herewith a blueprint: Data center-to-data center connectivity: Data center interconnectivity requires high-capacity, low latency links. Although multiprotocol label-switching (MPLS) can do the trick, its often an expensive solution. Telecom architects are increasingly turning to solutions such as carrier Ethernet (either point-to-point or virtual private LAN service, VPLS), or dark fiber or wavelength services. Seventy-one percent of organizations will be deploying some form of carrier Ethernet by the end of 2010, typically for data center-to-data center connectivity. Why? Three reasons: First is cost. On a per-megabit-per-second basis, carrier Ethernet can run 25% to 50% lower than other technologies. Second is bandwidth: with Carrier Ethernet, users are able to procure up to 10Gbps of bandwidth (the equivalent of 2.5 OC-768 circuits). As a result, as bandwidth requirements increase, carrier Ethernet becomes more appealing. Finally, theres the ease of deployment and management. Users report that carrier Ethernet is straightforward to install, and performs reliably. Right off the bat, it worked like a charm, says the CIO of a midsized professional services firm. Data center-to-branch, and branch-to-branch, connectivity: Most organizations (80%) have deployed MPLS, and plan to continue using it for site-to-site connectivity (at least for midsized-to-large sites). Some firms mostly leading-edge organizations are also looking at rolling out carrier Ethernet for the core WAN. The primary challenge? Availability. Carrier Ethernet isnt as widely-available as MPLS. Remote-site and micro branch connectivity: For smaller sites, companies are exploring a range of connectivity options. An Internet VPN is one approach (and one thats increasingly common). A more innovative approach is to deploy 4G wireless technologies, either direct to the router or to each individual employee. Again, the challenge here is availability: Most carriers are just beginning to roll out broadband wireless (in the U.S. at least). Another problem is capacity: Carriers havent designed their networks for use as wired-WAN replacements. References: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_architecture apparchguide.codeplex.com/ www.amazon.com/PatternsApplication-Architecture/0321127420

Blue Crabs :: essays research papers

The scientific name given to the blue crab was derived from Latin and Greek: Calli, beautiful; nectes, swimmer; and sapidus, savory. Thus, a literal transition might be the beautiful savory swimmer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The blue crab is an important and interesting species. The blue crab is a species whose life history involves a complex cycle of planktonic, nektonic, and benthic stages which occur throughout the marine environment in a variety of habitats. The blue crab is one of the more abundant estuarine invertebrates and supports important commercial and recreational fisheries along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. The blue crab plays an important role in the marine food web, providing prey for many species and a predator on other species. The blue crab is a highly prized commodity to consumers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eight species of Callinectes have been documented in the Gulf of Mexico: C. bocourti, C. danae, C. ornatus, C. exasperatus, C. marginatus, C. similis and C. rathbunae, and Callinectes sapidus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The original range of the blue crab is from Nova Scotia and throughout the Gulf of Mexico to northern Argentina. The blue crab is rarely found north of Cape Cod, but has been recorded in Maine and Nova Scotia. The blue crab has been introduced into Europe, North Africa, and Southwest Asia. Introductions into the Mediterranean Sea and surrounding waters have produced breeding populations whereas others were probably temporary occurrences. The blue crab also has been introduced into Japan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blue crabs are one of the most common marine invertebrates and are generally abundant throughout the oceans. Peak abundance of adult crabs occurs during the warmer months. During winter, crabs are found in areas of tidal exchange in the lower estuary. Juvenile blue crabs are most abundant in waters of low to intermediate salinity during the winter months.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Males become sexually mature at the 18 or 19th molt but may continue to grow and molt an additional 3-4 times thereafter. Female crabs were initially thought to rarely, if ever, molt again following their mature molt. However, mature females undergoing a second molt have been verified.

Link Manufacturing Process and Product Life Cycles

133 Link manufacturing process and product life cycles Focusing on the process gives a new dimension to strategy Robert H. Hayes and Steven C. Wheelwright Although the product life cycle concept may have value for managers, its emphasis on marketing can make it inadequate for strategic planners. These authors point out that using a process life cycle can help a company choose among its various manufacturing and marketing options. Using the concept of a â€Å"product-process matrix,† they show how a company's position reflects its weaknesses and strengths, and they discuss the implications for corporate strategy. Mr. Hayes is professor of business administration at the Harvard Business School. He is currently serving as faculty chairman of and teaching at Harvard's Senior Managers Program in Vevcy, Switzerland. One of his previous articles in HBR is â€Å"How Should You Organize Manufacturing? † (coauthor, Roger W. Schmenner, JanuaryFchruary 1978). Mr. Wheelwright is associate professor of business administration at the Harvard Business School. He is currently teaching in the MBA program and is faculty chairman of Harvard's executive program on Manufacturing in Corporate Strategy. One of his previous HBR articles is â€Å"Corporate Forecasting: Promise and Reality,† [coauthor, Darral G. Clarke, NovemberDecember 1976). The regularity of the growth cyeles of living organisms has always fascinated thoughtful observers and has invited a variety of attempts to apply the same principles—of a predictable sequence of rapid growth followed by maturation, decline, and death-to companies and selected industries. One such concept, known as the â€Å"product life cycle/' has been studied in a wide range of organizational settings. However, there are sufficient opposing theories to raise the doubts of people like N. K. Dhalla and S. Yuspeh, who argued in these same pages a few years ago that businessmen should forget the product life cycle concept. Irrespective of whether the product life cycle pattern is a general rule or holds only for specific cases, it does provide a useful and provocative framework for thinking about the growth and development of a new p roduct, a company, or an entire industry. One of the major shortcomings of this approach, however, is that it concentrates on the marketing implieations of the life cycle pattern. In so doing, it implies that other aspects of the business and industry environment move in concert with the market life cycle. While such a view may help one to think back on the kinds of ehanges that occur in different industries, an individual company will often find it too simplistic for use in its strategic planning. In fact, the concept may even be misleading in strategic planning. In this article we suggest that separating the product life cycle concept from a related but distinct phenomenon that we will call the â€Å"process life I TJie Product Life Cycle and Internationa! Trade. Louis T. Wells, |r. , ed. ICambridge, Mass. ; HarvaiiJ University Press, 1D71I, im example. proviJcs evidence from a number of industries that argues for broad application of this concept, 2. N. K. Dhalla and S. Yuspirh, â€Å"Forget the Priidutt Life Cycle Cnni;epU† HBR I3nuary-February 197(1, p. 101. 134 Harvard Business Review January-February 1979 cycle† facilitates the understanding of the strategic options available to a company, particularly with regard to its manufacturing function. The product-process matrix The process life cycle has heen attracting increasing attention from husiness managers and researchers over the past several years. ^ Just as a product and market pass through a series of major stages, so does the production process used in the manufacture of that product. The process evolution typically hegins with a â€Å"fluid† process—one that is highly flexible, hut not very cost efficient—and proceeds toward increasing standardization, mechanization, and automation. This evolution culminates in a â€Å"systemic process† that is very efficient hut much more capital intensive, nterrelated, and hence less flexible than the original fluid process. Using a product-process matrix, Exhibit I suggests one way in which the interaction of both the product and the process life cycle stages can he represented. The rows of this matrix represent the major stages through whieh a production process tends to pass in going from the fluid form in the top row to the sys temic form in the bottom row. The columns represent the product life cycle phases, going from the great variety associated with startup on the left-hand side to standardized commodity products on the right-hand side. Diagonal position A company [or a husiness unit within a diversified company) can be characterized as occupying a particular region in the matrix, determined by the stage of the product life cycle and its choice of production process for that product. Some simple examples may clarify this. Typical of a company positioned in the upper left-hand comer is a commercial printer. In such a company, each job is unique and a jumbled flow or job shop process is usually selected as being most effective in meeting those product requirements. In such a job shop, jobs arrive in different forms and require different tasks, and thus the equipment tends to be relatively general purpose. Also, that equipment is seldom used at ioo% capacity, the workers typically have a wide range of production skills, and each joh takes much longer to go through the plant than the lahor hours required by that job. Further down the diagonal in this matrix, the manufacturer of heavy equipment usually chooses a production structure characterized as a â€Å"disconnected line flow† process. Although the company may make a numher of products (a customer may even be able to order a somewhat customized unit), economies of scale in manufacturing usually lead such companies to offer several hasic models with a variety of options. This enables manufacturing to move from a job shop to a flow pattern in which batches of a given model proceed irregularly through a series of work stations, or possihly even a lowvolume assembly line. Even further down the diagonal, for a product like automobiles or major home appliances, a company will generally choose to ake only a few models and use a relatively mechanized and connected production process, such as a moving assembly line. Such a process matches the product life cycle requirements that the automobile companies must satisfy with the economies availahle from a standardized and automated process. Finally, down in the far right-hand comer of the matrix, one would find refinery operations, such as oil or sugar processing, where the pro duct is a commodity and the process is continuous. Although such operations are highly specialized, inflexible, and capital intensive, their disadvantages are more than offset by the low variable costs arising from a high volume passing through a standardized process. In Exhibit 7, two corners in the matrix are void of industries or individual companies. The upper right-hand comer eharacterizes a commodity product produced by a job-shop process that is simply not economical. Thus there are no companies or industries located in that sector. Similarly, the lower left-hand corner represents a one-of-a-kind product that is made by continuous or very specific processes. Such processes are simply too inflexible for such unique product requirements. Off the diagonal The examples cited thus far have been the more familiar â€Å"diagonal cases,† in which a certain kind of product structure is matehed with its â€Å"natural† process structure. But a company may seek a position 3. For example, William ), Abernathy and Philip L. Townscnd, â€Å"TechnoloRy, Pioductivity, and Process Changes,† in Tachnalo^icdl Forfcoitinj: iind Social Cbange, Volume VII, No. 4, 1975, p. ^79) Abcmathy and lames Ulierback, â€Å"DyQ. mic Model of Process and Product Innovation,† Omega, Volume HI, No. 6, 1975, p. 6i9i Abernathy and Uuerback, â€Å"Innovation and the Evolution of Technology in the Firm,† Harvard Business School Working P. iper |HBS 7S->fiR, Revised |unc 197^!. Process life cycles 135 Exhibit I Matching major stages of product and process life cycles Product structure Product life cycle stage I Low volume-low standardization, on e of a kind Multiple products low volume Few major products higher volume IV High volume-high standardization. commodity products Process structure Process life cycle stage Jumbled flow (job shop) Commercial printer Disconnected line Mow (batch) Heavy equipment Connected line flow (assembly line) Automobile assembly IV Continuous flow off the diagonal instead of right on it, to its competitive advantage. Rolls-Royce Ltd. still makes a limited product line of motor cars using a process that is more like a job shop than an assembly line. A company that allows itself to drift from the diagonal without understanding the likely implications of such a shift is asking for trouhle. This is apparently the case with several companies in the factory housing industry that allowed their manufacturing operations to become too capital intensive and too de- 136 Harvard Business Review January-February 1979 pendent on stable, high-volume production in the early 1970s. As one might expect, when a company moves too far away from the diagonal, it hecomes increasingly dissimilar from its competitors. This may or may not, depending on its success in achieving focus and exploiting the advantages of its niche, make it more vulnerable to attack. Coordinating marketing and manufacturing may become more difficult as the two areas confront increasingly different opportunities and pressures. Not infrequently, companies find that either inadvertently or by conscious choice they are at positions on the matrix very dissimilar from those of their competitors and must consider drastic remedial action. Most small companies that enter a mature industry start off this way, of course, which provides one explanation of both the strengths and the weaknesses of their situation. One example of a company's matching its movements on these two dimensions with changes in its industry is that of Zenith Radio Corporation in the mid-1960s. Zenith had generally followed a strategy of maintaining a high degree of flexibility in its manufacturing facilities for color television receivers. We would characterize this process structure at that time as being stage 2. When planning additional capacity for color TV manufacturing in 1966 [during the height of the rapid growth in the market), however. Zenith chose to expand production capacity in a way that represented a clear move down the process dimension, toward the matrix diagonal, by consolidating color TV assembly in two large plants. One of these was in a relatively low-cost labor area in the United States. While Zenith continued to have facilities that were more flexible than those of other companies in the industry, this decision reflected corporate management's assessment of the need to stay within range of the industry on tbe process dimension so that its excellent marketing strategy would not be constrained by inefficient manufacturing. It is interesting that seven years later Zenith made a similar decision to keep all of its production of color television chasses in the United States, rather than lose the flexibility and incur the costs of moving production to the Far East. This decision, in conjunction with others made in the past five years, is now being called into question. Using our terminology. Zenith again finds itself too far above the diagonal, in comparison with its large, primarily Japanese, competitors, most of whom have mechanized their production processes, positioned them in low-wage countries, and embarked on other costreduction programs. Incorporating this additional dimension into strategic planning encourages more creative thinking about organizational competence and competitive advantage. It also can lead to more informed predictions about the changes that are likely to occur in a particular industry and to consideration of the strategies that might be followed in responding to such charges. Finally, it provides a natural way to involve manufacturing managers in the planning process so that they can relate their opportunities and decisions more effectively with marketing strategy and corporate goals. The experience of the late 1960s and early 1970s suggests that major competitive advantages can accrue to companies that are able to integrate their manufacturing and marketing organization with a common strategy. ^ Using the concept We will explore three issues that follow from the product-process life cycle: [1) the concept of distinctive competence, [2) the management implications of selecting a particular product-process combination, considering the competition, and |3) the organizing of different operating units so that they can specialize on separate portions of the total manufacturing task while still maintaining overall coordination. Distinctive competence Most companies like to think of themselves as being particularly good relative to their competitors in certain areas, and they try to avoid competition in others. Their objective is to guard this distinctive competence against outside attacks or internal aimlessncss and to exploit it where possible. From time to time, unfortunately, management becomes preoccupied with marketing concerns and loses sight of the value of manufacturing abilities. When this happens, it thinks about strategy in terms only of the product and market dimension within a product life cycle context. In effect, management concentrates resources and planning efforts on a relatively narrow column of the matrix shown in Exhibit 1 on page r35. 4. See â€Å"Manufacturing—Missing Link in Corporate Stiatcgy,† by Wickham Skinner, HBR May-June 1969, p. i]6. Process life cycles 137 Exhibit II Expanded product-process matrix Product structure Product lite cycle stage III Low volume —low standardization, one of a kind Process structure Process life cycle stage Multiple products low volume Few major products higher volume IV High volume-fiigh standardization. commodity products Key management tasks Flexibilityquality †¢ Fast reaction †¢ Loading plant, estimating capacity †¢Estimating costs and delivery times †¢ Breaking bottlenecks †¢ Order tracing and expediting †¢ Systematizing diverse elements †¢ Developing standards and methods, improvement †¢ Balancing process stages †¢ Managing large, specialized, and complex operations †¢ Meeling material requirements †¢ Running equipment at peak efficiency †¢ Timing expansion and technological change †¢ Raising required capital Jumbled flow (lobshop) Disconnected line flow (batch) Connected line flow (assembly line) IV Continuous flow Hone Dependabilitycost Flexibility-quality Dependability-cosi dominant competitive mode †¢ Custom design †¢ General purpose †¢ High margins †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Custom design Ouality control Service High margins †¢ Standardized design †¢ Volume manufacturing †¢ Finished goods inventory †¢ Distribution †¢ Backup suppliers †¢ Vertical integration †¢ Long runs †¢ Specialized equipment and processes †¢ Economies of scale †¢ Standardized material The advantage of the two-dimensional point of view is that it permits a company to be more precise about what its distinctive competence really is and to concentrate its attentions on a restricted set of process decisions and alternatives, as well as a re- stricted set of marketing alternatives. Real focus is maintained only when the emphasis is on a single â€Å"patch† in the matrix—a process focus as well as a product or market focus. As suggested by Wickham Skinner, narrowing the focus of the business unit's 138 Harvard Business Review January-February 1979 ctivities and the supporting manufacturing plant's activities may greatly increase the chance of success for the organization/' Thinking about both process and product dimensions can affect the way a company defines its â€Å"product. † For example, we recently explored the case of a specialized manufacturer of printed circuit boards. Management's initial assessment of its position on the m. atrix was that it was producing a lowvolume, one-of-a-kind product using a highly connected assembly line process. (This would place it in the lower left comer of the matrix. On further reflection, however, management decided that while the company specialized in small production batches, the â€Å"product† it really was offering was a design capability for special purpose circuit boards. In a sense, then, it was mass producing designs rather than boards. Hence, the company was not far off the diagonal after all. This knowledge of the company's distinctive competence was helpful to management as it considered different projects and decisions, only some of which were supportive of the company's actual position on the matrix. Effects of position As a company undertakes different combinations of product and process, management problems change. It is the interaction between these two that determines which tasks will be critical for a given company or industry. Along the process structure dimension, for example, the key competitive advantage of a jumbled flow operation is its flexibility to both product and volume changes. As one moves toward more standardized processes, the competitive emphasis generally shifts from flexibility and quality (measured in terms of product specialization) to reliability, predictability, and cost. A similar sequence of competitive emphases occurs as a company moves along the product structure dimension. These movements in priorities are illustrated in Exhibit 11 For a given product structure, a company whose competitive emphasis is on quality or new product development would choose a much more flexible production operation than would a competitor who has the same product structure but who follows a cost-minimizing strategy. Alternatively, a company that chooses a given process structure reinforces the characteristics of that structure by adopting the corresponding product structure. The former approach 5. â€Å"The Focused Factory,† HBR May-June 1974, p. 113. 6. Robert H. Hayes and Roger W. Schmenner, â€Å"How Should You Organize Manufacturing? † HBR January-February iy78, p. 105. positions the company above the diagonal, while the latter positions it somewhere along it. A company's location on the matrix should take into account its traditional orientation. Many companies tend to be relatively aggressive along the dimension—product or process-where they feel most competent and take the other dimension as â€Å"given† by the industry and environment. For example, a marketing-oriented company seeking to be responsive to the needs of a given market is more likely to emphasize flexibility and quality than tbe manufacturing-oriented company that seeks to mold the market to its cost or process leadership. An example of these two competitive approaches in the electric motor industry is provided by the contrast between Reliance Electric and Emerson Electric. Reliance, on the one hand, has apparently chosen production processes that place it above the diagonal for a given product and market, and the company emphasizes product customizing and performance. Emerson, on the other hand, tends to position itself below the diagonal and emphasizes cost reduction. As a result of this difference in emphasis, the majority of Reliance's products are in the upper left quadrant, while Emerson's products tend to be in the lower right quadrant. Even where the two companies' product lines overlap. Reliance is likely to use a more fluid process for that product, while Emerson is more likely to use a standardized process. Eaeh company has sought to develop a set of competitive skills in manufacturing and marketing that will make it more effective within its selected quadrants. Concentrating on the upper left versus the lower right quadrant has many additional implications for a company. The management that chooses to compete primarily in the upper left has to decide when to drop or abandon a product or market, while for the management choosing to compete in the lower right a major decision is when to eater the market. In the latter case, the company can watch the market develop and does not have as much need for flexibility as do companies that position themselves in the upper left, since product and market changes typically occur less frequently during the later phases of the product life cycle. Such thinking about both product and process expertise is particularly useful in selecting the match of these two dimensions for a new product. Those familiar with the digital watch industry may recall that in the early 1970s Texas Instruments introduced a jewelry line digital watch. This product represented a matrix combination in the upper left-hand quadrant, as shown in Exhibit U. Unfortunately, this line Process life cycles 139 of watches was disappointing to Texas Instruments, in terms of both volume and profitability. Early in 1976, therefore, TI introduced a digital watch selling for $19. 95. With only one electronic module and a connected line flow production process, this watch represented a combination of product and process further down the diagonal and much more in keeping with TI's traditional strengths and emphases. Organizing operations If management considers the process structure dimension of organizational competence and strategy, it can usually focus its operating units much more effectively on their individual tasks. For example, many companies face the problem of how to organize production of spare parts for their primary products. While increasing volume of the primary products may have caused the company to move down the diagonal, the follow-on demand for spare parts may require a combination of product and process structures more toward the upper left-hand corner of the matrix. There are many more items to be manufactured, each in smaller volume, and the appropriate process tends to be more flexible than may be the case for the primary product. To accomodate the specific requirements of spare parts production, a cohipany might develop a separate facility for them or simply separate their production within the same facility. Probably the least appropriate approach is to leave such production undifferentiated from the production of the basic product, since this would require the plant to span too broad a range of both product and process, making it less efficient and less effective for both categories of product. The choice of product and process structures will determine the kind of manufacturing problems that will be important for management. Some of the key tasks related to a particular process structure are indicated on the right side of Exhibit U. Recognizing the impact that the company's position on the matrix has on these important tasks will often suggest changes in various aspects of the policies and procedures the company uses in managing its manufacturing function, particularly in its manufacturing control system. Also, measures used to monitor and evaluate the company's manufacturing performance must reflect the matrix position selected if such measures are to be both useful and consistent with the corporate goals and strategy. Such a task-oriented analysis might help a company avoid the loss of control over manufacturing that often results when a standard set of control mechanisms is applied to all products and processes. It also suggests the need for different types of management skills [and managers], depending on the company's major manufacturing tasks and dominant competitive modes. While a fairly narrow focus may be required for success in any single product market, companies that are large enough can [and do) effectively produce multiple products in multiple markets. These are often in different stages of the product life cycle. However, for such an operation to be successful, a company must separate and organize its manufacturing facilities to best meet the needs of each product and then develop sales volumes that are large enough to make those manufacturing units competitive. An example of separating a company's total manufacturing capability into specialized units is provided by the Lynchburg Foundry, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Mead Corporation. This foundry has five plants in Virginia. As Exhibit U shows, these plants represent different positions on the matrix. One plant is a job shop, making mostly one-of-akind products. Two plants use a decoupled batch process and make several major products. A fourth plant is a paced assembly line operation that makes only a few products, mainly for the automative market. The fifth plant is a highly automated pipe plant, making what is largely a commodity item. While the basic technology is somewhat different in each plant, there are many similarities. However, the production layout, the manufacturing processes, and the control systems are very different. This company chose to design its plants so that each would meet the needs of a specific segment of the market in the most competitive manner. Its success would suggest that this has been an effective way to match manufacturing capabilities with market demand. Companies that specialize their operating units according to the needs of specific, narrowly defined patches on the matrix will often encounter problems in integrating those units into a coordinated whole. A recent article suggested that a company can be most successful by organizing its manufacturing function around either a product-market focus or a process focus. * That is, individual units will either manage themselves relatively autonomously, responding directly to the needs of the markets they serve, or they will be divided according to process stages (for example, fabrication, subassembly, and final assembly), all coordinated by a central staff. Companies in the major materials industriessteel companies and oil companies, for exampleprovide classic examples of process-organized manu- 140 Harvard Business Review January-February 1979 facturing organizations. Most companies that broaden the span of their process through vertical integration tend to adopt such an organzation, at least initially. Then again, companies that adopt a product- or market-oriented organization in manufacturing tend to have a strong market orientation and are unwilling to accept the organizational rigidity and lengthened response time that usually accompany centralized coordination. Most companies in the packaging industry provide examples of such product- and market-focused manufacturing organizations. Regional plants that serve geographical market areas are set up to reduce transportation costs and provide better response to market requirements. A number of companies that historically have organized themselves around products or markets have found that, as their products matured and as they have moved to become more vertically integrated, a conflict has arisen between their original productorganized manufacturing facilities and the needs of their process-oriented internal supply units. As the competitive emphasis has shifted toward cost, companies moving along the diagonal have tended to evolve from a product-oriented manufacturing organization to a process-oriented one. However, at some point, such companies often discover that their operations have hecome so complex with increased volume and increased stages of inhouse production that they defy centralized coordination and management must revert to a more product-oriented organization within a divisionalized structure. ct line with a manufacturing system—a set of people, plants, equipment, technology, policies, and control procedures—that will permit a relatively high degree of flexibility and a relatively low capital intensity? Or should it prefer a system that will permit lower cost production with a loss of some flexibility to change [in products, production volumes, and equipment) and usually a higher degree of capital intensity? This choice will position the company above or below its competito rs along the vertical dimension of our matrix. There are, of course, several dynamic aspects of corporate competitiveness where the concepts of matching the product life cycle with the process life cycle can be applied. In this article, however, we have dealt only with the more static aspects of selecting a position on the matrix. We will discuss in a forthcoming article how a company's position on the product-process matrix might change over time and the traps that it can fall into if the implications of such moves are not carefully evaluated. Strategy implications We can now pull together a number of threads and summarize their implications for corporate strategy. Companies must make a series of interrelated marketing and manufacturing decisions. These choices must be continually reviewed and sometimes changed as the company's products and competitors evolve and mature. A company may choose a product or marketing strategy that gives it a broader or narrower product line than its principal competitors. Such a choice positions it to the left or right of its competitors, along the horizontal dimension of our matrix. Having made this decision, the company has a further choice to make: Should it produce this prod-